more for Poland than the en-
tire Polish government.
"Only later, I realized he
said nothing."
For Mr. Karski, the
lessons of the war would
haunt his scholarship for
years. He was bitter after
the war, especially when
many government and chur-
ch leaders claimed not to
have known about the Nazi
death camps.
"They knew," Mr. Karski
said to the audience at U-M's
Rackham Auditorium.
"They knew. This version
that persists until this day
that they did not know is a
myth. They knew."
Mr. Karski is now cynical
about governments. He
doubts their compassion for
those who do not represent
national interests.
"What I learned during
the war was that govern-
ments and nations have no
soul. There is no such thing
as a collective conscience.
They are guided solely by
their interests," he said.
Allied wartime goals in-
cluded the defeat of the Axis
powers, maintaining the
tenuous wartime coalition
and avoiding the loss of
Allied lives. Saving Jewish
ones, Mr. Karski said, did
not fit into the picture.
"Morality, decency and
truth did not enter into the
war," he said.
Mr. Karski recalled at
length his conversation with
Justice Frankfurter, a "tiny,
arrogant man." Mr. Karski
described to Justice
Frankfurter the horrors of
the concentration camps and
the Nazi plans to destroy the
Jews. Justice Frankfurter
replied:
"Mr. Karski, a man like
me talking to a man like you
must be frank: I am unable
to believe you."
A friend of Justice
Frankfurter's begged him to
believe the young Pole. To
which the justice said:
"I could not accuse Mr.
Karski of lying — I simply
can not believe him."
It was perhaps this inabili-
ty to comprehend the full
scope of the ongoing destruc-
tion of the Jews that made
many Allied leaders — in-
cluding Jews — unable to
believe Mr. Karski.
But the lessons of the
Holocaust do not end there,
Mr. Karski said.
"'Those who survived sur-
vived because they were
helped by individuals who
all ran the risk of execu-
tion," he said.
"The Lord's command-
ment to love your neighbor
must also be a lesson from
this tragedy," he said. CI

•

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