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FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1991
Haganah Means
Military Survival
SIMON GRIVER
INCORPORATED
(313)
A convoy of trucks, manned by Haganah, reaches Jerusalem in 1948.
allowing vicious Arab
attacks on Jews in
Jerusalem, Jaffa and
the Galilee in the early part
of the century, it became clear
that the Jewish settlers could
not rely on the recently in-
stalled British Mandatory
authorities for protection and
would not survive without
their own militia. Thus, in
1920 the Haganah was
established, the underground
military organization of pre-
state Israel.
On May 31, 1948, just 17
days after the Jewish State
became independent, Prime
Minister and Minister of
Defense David Ben Gurion
declared that the Haganah
had shed its clandestine
character and would hitherto
become the official army of
the State of Israel.
To maintain continuity, the
name of the Haganah was in-
corporated into the official
name of the army of the new
state: Zeva Haganah le-Israel
(Israel Defense Forces).
Inevitably, though, in the
divisive politics of pre-State
Israel, the Haganah did not
always command the support
of the entire Jewish popula-
tion. As the noted Israeli
social, political and historical
observer Dan Segre observes
in his book Israel, A Society in
Transition, "The Haganah
was an inextricably linked
socialist and military move-
ment from the beginning?'
Nevertheless, when it was
founded in 1920, the
Haganah was vigorously sup-
ported by Jews sickened by
brutal Arab killings, such as
the assault on Tel Hai in the
Upper Galilee in March 1920
and on Hebron in 1929.
Throughout the '20s the
Haganah struggled bravely to
protect Jewish settlements,
relying on meager arms
caches of revolvers, rifles and
grenades. A network of com-
manders and defense commit-
tees was established with the
commander-in-chief, Yosef
Hecht, receiving his budget
from the Histadrut Trade
Union Movement whose
secretary was then Ben
Gurion.
The Arab uprising against
the Jews in 1929 persuaded
the Histadrut that the
Haganah had to be expanded
and strengthened. Hecht
resigned because he felt that
expansion compromised the
The Haganah was
an inextricably
linked socialist
and military
movement from
the beginning.
Haganah's underground
nature. Eliyahu Golomb, one
of the Haganah's original
founders and a member of the
Histadrut's Haganah com-
mittee, took control.
Right wing Haganah
members were alienated and
broke away to form the Irgun
Zvai Leumi. The Haganah
itself consolidated and ex-
panded its activities and ac-
cepted the authority of the
Jewish Agency, now led by
Ben Gurion. The British
authorities were aware of the
existence of the Haganah but
took no serious steps to arrest
its members or find its arms
caches, though some import
consignments of arms were
seized. By 1939, the Haganah
had 20 branches with 25,000
men and women and its
arsenal included 6,000 rifles
and 220 machine guns. Dur-