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New York (JTA) — In joking
references to the stunning
successes of their own move-
ment, Soviet Jewry activists
have been conjuring up mem-
ories of the March of Dimes,
the massive fund-raising
drive that virtually put itself
out of business when a polio
vaccine was discovered in
1954.
Activists remember how the
March of Dimes evolved from
its original mission into a
crusade against all birth
defects — an organization
forced to redefine itself after
seeming to meet its major
goals.
Last year, nearly 19,000
Soviet Jews were allowed to
leave the Soviet Union, the
highest total in nine years
and well more than twice the
number the year before. In
1989, as many as 38,000 may
be allowed out.
The National Conference on
Soviet Jewry said that as of
Jan. 1 there were 2,696 re-
fuseniks remaining in the
Soviet Union, down from
11,000 in 1986.
With conditions for Soviet
Jews seeming to improve and
a Western "honeymoon" with
Soviet leader Mikhail Gor-
bachev still going strong,
Soviet Jewry groups are tak-
ing a hard look at the future
of their movement.
In interviews with the
movement's leaders during
the past few weeks, a consen-
sus emerged on the types of
questions that should be ask-
ed at this juncture, if not an
agreement over the answers:

• How can the movement
fight the impression that the
Soviet Jewish issue has been
solved, when so little of the
Soviet Union's changes have
been institutionalized and
the lot of all Soviet citizens re-
mains precarious?
• Will persistent criticism
of the Soviet Union, especi-
ally in the form of support for
U.S.-Soviet trade restrictions,
make Jewish groups appear
out of step with the American
mainstream?
,• lb what extent should the
movement promote Jewish
cultural life within the Soviet
Union, after years of trying to
get Jews out?
• What responsibility does
the American Jewish commu-
nity have to solve the neshira
problem and reverse a trend
of Soviet Jews choosing the
United States over Israel?

Fundamental changes
within the movement became
apparent last week with news

that the National Conference
would begin re-examining its
traditional support of the
1974 Jackson-Vanik amend-
ment, which denies most-
favored-nation trade status to
the Soviet Union until it
allows free emigration.
The conference said it was
not yet ready to call for the 4
repeal or a waiver of Jackson-
Vanik or like legislation, but
that it is "assessing positive
changes" in Soviet emigra-
tion.
But the conference and
other groups refuse to allow 4
talk of improvement in Soviet
human rights to go 'unquali-
fied.
Emigration may be up, but
they say Soviet authorities
are "capricious" in granting
permission to emigrate. Re-
strictions have been lifted on
the transmission of Jewish
culture, but the changes have
yet to be institutionalized.
Most ominously, the same
freedom that has allowed
Jewish cultural organizations
to emerge from underground
has also given rise to anti-
Semitic groups, such as
Pamyat (Memory).
"We accept with apprecia-
tion and acknowledge what
has taken place, but it re-
mains to be seen whether it
will continue or even in-
crease," said Shoshana Car-
din, the NCSJ chairwoman.
"I don't think we have yet
seen a systematic approach to
anything by the Soviets," she
said. "If there were to be a
radical change in the next 4
(Soviet) Central Committee
meeting, we would lose the
gains."
Apparent improvements
represent another challenge
to the movement. Nudel, Sha-
ransky and other well-known
refuseniks were powerful
symbols. With their release,
the movement must now be-
gin what one activist called a
"long program of fighting for
masses of nameless, faceless
people."
"It remains to be seen how
one personalizes the move-
ment in the absence of the
really chilling kind of behav-
ior that is, for the moment,
over," said Micah Naftalin,
national director of the Union
of Councils for Soviet. Jews.
Naftalin believes in the
kind of public rallies that
characterized the movement
for years, like the historic
"Freedom Sunday" of Decem-
ber 1987, which drew some
200,000 to Washington on the
eve of Gorbachev's visit. ❑

