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Pro-Nazi Letter Stirs
Mystery of Physicist
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law•• ■ ••si•
ome — The redis-
covery of a pro-Hitler,
anti-Semitic letter by
pre-war Italian physicist Et-
tore Majorana has added to
the mystery surrounding
him.
Majorana, who disappeared
without a trace in 1938, was
one of a group of young
Italian physicists who, work-
ing with Enrico Fermi, in-
itiated studies on energy that
eventually led to the develop-
ment of the atomic bomb.
At least two books have
been written about Ma-
jorana's disappearance, with
one author claiming the
physicist either committed
suicide or entered. a
monastery due to guilt after
realizing the potential
destructive capacity of the
atom.
Majorana was doing
research in Leipzig, Germany
when he wrote the pro-Nazi
letter to future Nobel physics
laureate Emilio Segre, in
March 1933 — two months
after Hitler came to power. In
1966, physicist Edoardo
Amaldi, who had worked
with Majorana and Segre in
the 1930s, mentioned for the
first time that Majorana had
greatly admired Germany
and had written to Segre to
defend Nazi policies.
Segre in 1975 confirmed he
had received such a letter, but
claimed that it was lost when
the ocean liner Andrea Doria
sank in the Atlantic.
Only in recent months has
Serge admitted that the letter
still was in his possession. It
will be published in full in the
magazine Storia Contem-
(Contemporary
poranea
History), but the newspaper
La Stampa printed excerpts.
Publication came when con-
siderable attention has been
focussed on Jews in Italy in
the wake of the continuing
clashes in Israel's ad-
ministered territories, in
reaction to the Kurt
Waldheim affair, in response
to shifting relationships bet-
ween Jews and the Vatican
and in a re-examination of the
Jewish experience in Italy
during World War II.
American historian Susan
Zuccotti's book on the
Holocaust in Italy is just be-
ing issued now in Italian
translation and is being
treated as a major literary
event.
Majorana's letter to Segre,
dated May 25, 1933, was an
apology for Hitler's anti-
Semitic policies and a defense
of the Nazi philosophy, with
which the writer apparently
knew his friends were not in
agreement. He wrote: "It may
appear that the proportion of
Jews in Germany is tiny in
light of the false statistics
(one percent).
"In reality, they dominate
finance, the press, the
political parties and in Berlin
they were even in the
numerical majority in some
professional fields, for exam-
ple, prosecutors. But neither
religious motives nor racial
prejudice is enough to explain
by itself the impossibility of
coexistence.
"In Italy we are used to con-
sidering the Jews as a
historical survival to which
we do not deny our full
respect and we don't object if
any of them feels proud of his
origin," he wrote.
". . . In Germany, the situa-
tion was very different and,
without analyzing the causes,
one can say with certainty
that there existed a Jewish
question that did not show
any signs of resolving itself
spontaneously," he continued.
He said, "Jews had no
desire to assimilate and that
it!s inconceivable that a
population of 65 million
should allow itself to be guid-
ed by a minority of 600,000
who openly declared that
they wanted to constitute a
people by themselves."
"Some affirm that the
Jewish question would not ex-
ist if the Jews knew the art of
keeping their mouths glosed."
Majorana also wrote that
the situation of the Jews in
Germany at the time was not
as bad as it seemed outside,
and he accused new Jewish
immigrants into Germany —
"the dangerous Jewish im-
migration from primitive
communities in Slavic coun-
tries, mainly Poland" — of
formenting troubles.
"Among those new im-
migrants are provocateur rab-
bis who, so they say, invite
persecutions in order to
solidify the unity of their peo-
ple," he wrote.
In making public the letter,
Segre said he had been sur-
prised that "a mind as acute
and critical as that of Ettore
could have accepted all that
propaganda of Goebbels he
read in the newspapers,
without realizing that even if
some of the criticism (very
few) were not completely
without foundation, the en-
tirety had an iniquitous and
sinister scope."