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But it was not only Umm El-Fahm. In Arab towns and villages throughout Israel itself, a peaceful strike in sol- idarity with the Palestinians in the territories descended into one of the darkest and most shocking episodes in the 40-year life of the Jewish state. Jaffa, Lod, Abu Ghosh and a host of other Arab popula- tion centers in Israel — some of which had been regarded as staunchly loyal since the establishment of Israel — erupted in an orgy of hatred against Jews and the Jewish State. Thousands of young Israeli Arabs took to the streets to burn tires, hurl rocks at Israeli policemen, chant PLO slogans and scream "Slaugh- ter the Jews" and "Hitler should have finished you off." Israeli Jews, battered but not particularly surprised by the wave of riots that swept the West Bank and Gaza, were stunned by the depth of hatred and the extent of anger displayed by their Arab fellow citizens. The enemy, it seemed, was now within the gates. The knee-jerk reaction of many Jews was to meet anger with anger. "I was shocked by my own response to the sight of Israeli Arabs attacking Israeli policemen," said one long-time Jerusalem resi- dent. "It was straight from the gut. I was furious." His reaction was widely re- flected in a poll taken among Jewish Israelis the following day: Fully 80 percent sup- ported the expulsion of Israeli Arabs who instigated and participated in violent dem- onstrations, while 47 percent said the riots, both in Israel and the territories, had hard- ened their political attitudes. The disturbances also evoked anger among Israeli leaders representing a wide range of the political spec- trum. President Chaim Her- zog, a leading advocate of An Arab student: Is it inequality or Islam that fuels the hatred.? Arab-Jewish coexistence, ex- pressed the sentiments of many when he charged that the behavior of the Arab rioters was inconsistent with loyalty to the state. Did the Arabs not simply seize on the occasion to demonstrate their hostility to Israel, he wondered out loud. After all, they had shown no such concern when the Pales- tinians were butchered by the Jordanians in 1970 and by the Syrians in Lebanon in 1976. Addressing a meeting of Jewish and Arab teachers, Herzog said Israeli Arabs were alone in the Middle East in enjoying the benefits of a democratic society: "Is it wise," he asked, "to jeopardize this?" Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir was characteris- tically more blunt, offering Israeli Arabs a stark choice: they could follow the PLO or remain loyal citizens of Israel. But if they chose the path of the PLO, he warned, there would be "dire conse- quences." This message found an echo in the moderate Hebrew- language daily Ma'ariv when it addressed the Arab popula- tion directly: "Israel will not tolerate another such spec- tacle," said the newspaper. "Israeli Arabs have more to lose than others if they break the rules of the game. You have been warned." Editorials in the Israeli press focused on the sense of inequality which has fed the frustratipn of Israeli Arabs and nourished the extremist elements that transformed the peaceful strike into a violent demonstration. According to the independ- ent Hebrew-language daily Ha'aretz, "common sense dic- tates that every effort should be made to defuse the situa- tion and neutralize the danger." The only lasting solution, said the paper, was a political settlement of the Arab-Israeli dispute. But the immediate question for both Jewish and Arab Israelis is where they go from here. To be sure, the relation- ship was not idyllic even before the recent eruptions. According to a survey con- ducted a few months ago, 60 percent of Jewish high school students felt Arabs should not enjoy equal rights, while another survey, among Jew- ish adults, found that 83 per- cent perceived Arabs as pos- ing a danger to Israeli securi- ty. In addition, 68 percent would not be prepared to work under an Arab super- visor and 81 percent felt that Jews should be hired before Arabs. At the same time, a survey of Arab Israelis found that 40 percent did not accept the pre- sent borders of Israel, 82 per- cent believed Israel should