ROSH HASHANAH GREETINGS
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American Jewish com-
munities. Temple Beth El
engaged a series of edu-
cated and enlightened
rabbis who, with the sup-
/-port and encouragement of
influential laymen, insti-
tuted a series of reforms in
the liturgy and the obser-
vance of holidays. Despite
all their efforts at "moder-
nizing" the rituals and
service to make them more
1 \
palatable to Americanized
and native members, reli-
gious apathy and non-
attendance remained prob-
lematic. By the Twentieth
Century, however, Beth El
began to backtrack on
some of its earlier reforms.
Feeling that Reform may
have gone too far, congre-
gational leaders sought to
Tri.v.s.marluce more of the
Judaism. Neverttieloalf
/ `, religion played a diminish-
ing role in the lives of De-
--,troit's second and third
generation German Jews.
Backsliding and indif-
ference affected the East-
ern European Jews as
well. Religious obser-
vances declined and viola-
tions of the Sabbath be-
= came increasingly open
and obvious. One congre-
gation, Shaarey Zedek,
sought to counteract the
apathy of its Americanized
members by modifying its
Orthodoxy and joining the
Conservative movement in
Judaism. These measures,
however, failed to stem
disinterest within the con-
gregation.
Disunity was the rule
rather than the exception
within Detroit's Jewish
community. Class, cultural,
/-
and religious differences
\, separated the Germans
from the Eastern Euro-
peans; and ethnic dif-
ferences, disagreements
about rituals, and personal
idiosyncracies kept the
Eastern European Jewish
community fragmented. In
spite of these distinctions,
however, the groups coop-
erated for overseas relief
and to combat local anti-
, Semitism.
Relations between Jews
and non-Jews remained
amicable in the former and
/ interdenominational sec-
tors of city life. This was
characterized by pulpit ex-
changes and Jewish par-
ticipation in Detroit civic
and
political
affairs.
`=
Nonetheless, an undercur-
rent of anti-Semitism per-
sisted throughout the
period encompassed by
this study. Its most obvi-
ous manifestation occurred
in the social sphere, where
Jews suffered almost total
exclusion.
Detroit remained an
Anglo-Saxon Protestant
stronghold, with Jewish
antagonism turned ugly,
with Eastern • European
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