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something — trade, credits, arms
control agreements — out of the
United States. But if they perceive
the U.S. is unwilling to give them
anything, then why should they give
the United States anything?
American politicians — for instance,
Secretary of State George Shultz —
do raise this issue with the Soviets,
but have very little leverage."
Oddly enough, the Soviets have
not let their Middle East
involvements influence their
emigration policy. In 1970, several
Arab states asked the USSR to stop
the outflow of Soviet Jews, but were
rebuffed. One of the peak months of
emigration was October 1973 — the
month of the Yom Kippur War.
"I once asked Georgi Arbatov,
head of the Institute for the Study of
the U.S.A. and Canada, a member of
the central committee of the
Communist Party, and a close
Adviser to Soviet leaders, the reason
for this," remarked Dr. Gitelman.
"He told me they had thought of
using emigration to influence Israeli
policy, but calculated the Israelis
would do what they had to do for
Israel, regardless of the impait on
Soviet immigration to Israel."
hough there has been a
drastic falling off in the
number of Jews leaving the
S oviet Union, the move-
T ment in the USSR con-
tinues to thrive, Dr. Gitelman said.
"There has been an intensification of
Jewish study and learning — He-
brew, classical religious texts, and
other materials obtained in a variety
•of ways. There is a baal t'shuva

movement (return to religious obser-
vance). The results have been amaz-
ing — Soviet Jews who know Tal-
mud, some people more fluent in He-
brew than the graduates of our
yeshivot and day schools."
Dr. Gitelman commented on the
irony that the country in which no
Zionist organizations have been
permitted for at least 60 years has
produced all of this, and has been the
greatest single source of aliyah since
1967.
"We in the United States haven't •
felt the impact of Soviet immigration
as Israel has. There, they've had a
tremendous and positive impact.
They have brought technological
skills, and have also infused Israel
with high culture. Two whole
symphony orchestras have been set
up for Soviet musicians."
Dr. Gitelman predicted that, if
the opportunity arises, "there will be
tremendous pressure by people
wanting to leave. If a crack opens,
people will want to get out before it
closes again." The American Jewish
community should therefoie
continue to persevere in its efforts on
behalf of Soviet Jewry. "Today,"
admitted Gitelman, "many
A merican Jews are frustrated and
ti red — they like the quick-fix over
th e short run." But they-must not lose
pe.
The U-M professor concluded
w ith the hope that sizable Soviet
Je wish emigration would again
re sume and that the American and
Is raeh Jewish communities "would
re spond as positively and generously
as they did in the 1970s."

NEWS

Herzog denounces Soviet mistreatment of Katzir

Jerusalem (JTA)

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—

President Chaim Herzog
denounced the Soviet
Union's harassment of
former President Ephraim
Katzir in Leningrad last
week as "a despicable act."
Katzir, who was Israel's
fourth president, and his
wife Nina, were arrested by
KGB agents when they at-
tempted to visit the home of
a Jewish refusenik in
Leningrad and were ques-
tioned for about 90 minutes
at local police headquarters:
Herzog called the inci-
dent a "gross violation of the
accepted norms of conduct
between civilized nations
. a despicable act."
Speaking at the Hebrew
University where he re-
ceived an honorary docto-
rate, Herzog said Israel and
the Jewish people would not
ignore this affront and
would demand that the
USSR make amends. "

The newsletter Davar re-
ported that four other Iirael
scientists who, with Katzir,
were attending a conference
of European bio-chemists in
Moscow, were summarily
expelled from the USSR be-
cause they tried to contact
Ruisian Jews.
Meanwhile,
Aleksei
Murzhenko, one of the two
non-Jews involved in the
1970 Leningrad airplane
hijack attempt by Jews des-
perate to leave the Soviet
Union, has returned to his
family in Kiev after serving
a 14-year sentence in the .
strict regime labor camp
near Perm in Siberia, the
National Conference on
Soviet Jewry reported.

Murzhenko, 42, was con-
victed in 1970 of "treason,"
"anti-Soviet agitation" and
organizing the theft of
"state property" — an air-
craft — in an attempt to-
gether with Jewish re-
fuseniks to fly to Israel. All
of the Jews convicted have
since completed their sen-
tences.

In Amsterdam, Mrs. Irma
Wolf has found a novel way
to ease the hardships of
Jewish activists and other
dissidents in Soviet prisons
and labor camps. She mails
them picture postcards of
scantily clad young women.

,

The pin-ups may raise the
spirits of the prisoners. But
Another non-Jew, Yuri their purpose, according to
Federov, also convicted in Wolf is to btirter with
the first Leningrad hijack guards for urgently needed
trial, will be released next ' extra food and other items
that they cannot purchase
year after completing a 15- or
receive they are not for-
year sentence.
gotten, Wolf (says.

,