Friday, June 29, 1984 77
THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS
40—BUSINESS CARDS
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Plumbinglepair. New installa-
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Sump pumps. 557-6318, 573-
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ELECTRIC — Interruptible NC
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Call Sparky, 855-3211.
REMOVAL of all types of
wallpaper. Insured. Arnold Gol-
din. 356-0499.
REMODEL
KITCHEN or BATHS
Reface present cabinets
or install new European
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Custom%rmica Wore
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40—BUSINESS CARDS
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New book published on biblical Targum
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Special to The Jewish News
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Most Jews today are not
aware that Jews of Pales-
tine and Babylonia did not
know Hebrew for hundreds
of years. The exiled - Jews
had forgotten Hebrew, re-
sulting in the fact that
many succeeding genera-
tions could not speak the
language of the Bible or
read the Bible. They spoke
Aramaic — a language most
akin to Hebrew which, like
Yiddish in our century, be-
came the common Jewish
tongue.
They could not under-
stand the bible, so the Torah
was read in synagogues by a
reader in Hebrew and trans-
lated on the spot in Aramaic
for the benefit of the wor-
shippers — something simi-
lar to the practice of today in
non-Orthodox congrega-
tions in this country where
a reader conducts the
prayers in the synagogue in
Hebrew and text is followed
by the congregants from the
English translation in their
prayer books.
The translations were
known as "Targum," which
means in Hebrew "transla-
tion" or "interpretation."
Regular reading of the Tar-
gum became an integral
part of the Jewish ritual.
Targum was also intro-
duced in Jewish schools in
Palestine, Babylonia and
ggypt. It later reached
Jewish communities in
Europe. When printing was
invented, the Aramaic text
appeared side-by-side with
the. Hebrew in the printed
Biblical literature.
When the Hebrew lan-
guage was revived in mod-
ern Jewish schools in Rus-
sia, Poland, Lithuania and
other European countries—
in the early years of this
century — the traditional
Jewish schools continued
the teaching of Targum and
to print the Aramaic text
parallel with the Hebrew
text. In the United States,
Targum is still being
taught, especially in
yeshivot.
There are several Tar-
gums, the most popular of
which is known as Targum
Onkelos, made in the Sec-
ond Century by Onkelos, a
SPACE AGE
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at Bar Mitzvas, wed-
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•
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WINE
AN
....1r••• ■■•■■
■ ••
proselyte who became a .
Tanna — an authority on
oral law. Another popular
Targum is known as Tar-
gum Jonathan to the Books
of the Prophets. There is also
a Targum Jerusalmi. The
Aramaic translataions are
of two kinds — Halachic and
Agadic. The former is a
fairly accurate literal trans-
lation of the text. The latter
is simplifications and in-
terpretations in accordance
with rabbinical tradition.
There is a growing inter-
est today among biblical
scholars in the United
States — Jewish as well as
non-Jewish — in the Tar-
gums which were recog-
nized as Aramaic transla-
tion authorized for use in
the synagogue. Especially
in the Targum Jonathan on
the Prophets, which has in
recent years emerged as one
of the most important
sources of early rabbinic
Judaism and nascent Chris-
tianity in the first centuries
of the common era.
A very scholarly and im-
portant book entitled
Studies
in Targum
Jonathan to the Prophets
has been published by the
Baltimore Hebrew College
jointly with the Ktav Pub-
lishing House in New York.
The authors are Dr. Leivy
Smolar, president of the
Baltimore Hebrew College,
and Dr. Moses Aberbach,
renowned scholar at the col-
lege. The volume is part of
the Library of Biblical
Studies which is edited by
Prof. Harry Orlinsky, the
eminent biblical scholar. It
carries also a reprint of
Targum Jonathan to the
Prophets by Dr. Pinkhos
Curgin, originally pub-
lished by the Yale Univer-
sity Press in 1927.
The authors examine the
Targuill Jonathan as a
compendium of rabbinic
Judiasm. The Hebrew Bible
contains an extensive
number of expressions and
concepts which were later
refined by rabbinic
exegesis. The numerous de-
viations of Targism
Jonathan from, the literal
meaning of the biblical text
were designed with a view
of elevating the religious
understanding of the
Jewish people. Prophetic
complaints against divine
injustice — and indeed any
criticism voiced of the Di-
vine — are suppressed in
the Targum Jonathan ren-
dering of the Prophets.
Targum Jonathan is
dated as early as the First
Century C.E. It continued to
be read in Babylonian
.synagogues during worship
as late as the 11th Century,
but the use of Targum de-
clined in Palestine during
the end of the 9th and early
• 10th Centuries. With the
Arab conquest and the
further dispersion of the
Jews in Arab lands, the use
of Arabic as vernacular
among Jews rendered the
Targum unnecessary. The
use of the Targums was
further reduced as a result
of a renewed interest in He-
brew language and the de-
velopment of new commen-
taries on the Bible.
'
Copyright 1984, Jewish Tele-
graphic Agency, Inc.
WSU Press' Jerusalem Cathedra'
enriches Jewish historical research
Under the title "The
Jerusalem Cathedra,"
Wayne State University
Press makes an impressive
contribution to the library
devoted to major studies in-
volving Jewish historical
records.
With emphasis on Israel
this series of important
books deals with archeology
as well as religious con-
cepts, the history of Zionism
and the important per-
sonalities who led the
movement to success in the
fulfillment of prophecy for
the rebirth of Jewish state-
hood.
Edited by Lee I. Levine,
the third volume in "The
Jerusalem Cathedra" series
is devoted to studies in the
history, archeology, geog-
raphy and ethnography of
the Land of Thrael. Noted
scholars contribute essays
evolving around these
studies.
Historical records are
thoroughly researched in
this volume, and the re-
cords, perpetuated in
Josephus have an impor-
tant aspect in history revi-
sited by scholars who have
attained expertness in
analyzing and compiling
historic records.
Roman, Byzantine and
related events in the na-
tion's history are given due
consideration in this vol-
ume, the significance of
which gains momentum
the record of scholarship
and content are merged in
sharing significant studies.
Pilgrimages and aliyah in
the medieval period serve as
important backgrounds for
modern experiences. Tal-
mudic sources dealing with
aliyah serve as inspirations
in this study which em-
phasizes the urge for lin-
kage with the ancient
homeland and the devotions
which are really a continu-
ing Jewish historic experi-
ence.
'Jerusalem
Cathedra,' edited
by Lee. I Levine
Zionism, the establish-.
ment of the new Yishuv in
Palestine with the founding
of the first colonies in Pales-
tine toward the end of the
last century, the pioneering
and the world leadership in
Jewish libertarianism form'
an enriching third section
in an immensely important
book. The review of events
and experiences in the mod-
ern period is a notable con-
tribution to the study of Is-
rael's development and the
dramatic events that
marked Zionism activities.
Not only the Zionist lead-
ership but the opposition as
well receive consideration
in this volume. Dr. Moshe
Davis, Stephen S. Wise Pro-
fessor of American History
and Institutions at the He-
brew University, whose in-
spiration is in evidence in
the "Jerusalem Cathedra
Series," which is co-
sponsored by Wayne State
University Press and the
Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Insti-
tute, directed the sym-
posium inclgded in this col-
lective effort on the subject
"American Non-Zionists
and the Issue of the Jewish
State."
The conflict in the decade
before Israel's statehood
and the eventual coopera-
tion are given due consider-
ation by the participants in
this extensive study.
Dr. David places interest-
ing emphasis on the
documentary value of the
studieb pursued as well as
on the personalities in
Zionist and Jewish history
whose role are so vital to
this collective factual at-
tainment.
A vast amount of hitherto
unpublished data on all the
aspects of pre-Israel and
Zionist history lend signifi-
cance to this continuing ef-
fort in a series of volumes
that enhance the Wayne
State University Press and
its directorship.
P.S.
•