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▪
r BANKRUPTCY'S
I APPRAISER I
A Lesson from Nov. 10, 1938
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(Continued from Page 1)
anti-Semitic measures on
a local basis first. A higher
authority would then decide
whether it was "in the best
interests of the state" to
drop them or to adopt them
throughout the Reich.
In turn, worldwide reac-
I tions, effects on the
economy and other sectors
of society influenced the de-
cisions whether to stop at
that point or to go on to new
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I policies. From 1933-1938
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II there was a series of starts
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Friday, November 4, 1983 7
THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS
I
Kristallnacht ended all
that. On the one hand, the
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cruelty did not finish off
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German Jewry. This re-
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ttITER
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vealed the limits of mob
TIMM
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pointed to the need for a
comprehensive, planned,
bureaucratically exe-
cuted "solution."
In the Middle Ages, re-
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ligious hatred and mob ac-
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violence which burned itself
out after a few cities or tens
of thousands of people were
killed. As Eichmann
boasted and others have
argued, neither hatred nor
individual actions were the
key to the Holocaust but the
pseudolegal systematic
machinery which drew all
agencies into the process
and all Jews into the net.
The success of Eich-
mann's SS-led deportation
of Austrian Jewry in 1938,
contrasted to the limited
impact of Kristallnacht,
helped lead Hitler to the
centralization of power over
the Jews in the SS and to
turn toward comprehensive
"solutions."
The limited reaction of
the world — there was lots
of criticism but little action
— "legitimated" the Nazis'
behavior and strengthened
the conviction that they
could get away with more.
After the inaction at the
Evians Conference on
Jewish refugees in 1938,
one Nazi newspaper wrote:
"No country is prepared to
remove central Europe's
cultural defects by accept-
ing a few thousand Jews.
The conference has there-
fore vindicated the German
policy towards the Jews."
People often ask: what
could have been done to stop
the Holocaust? The answer
is: once World War II
started, not much. The
much bruited bombing of
Auschwitz or a public pro-
test by the Pope, at best,
could have slowed the kil-
ling process. But up to Kris-
tallnacht and Munich, there
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After calling home the
American ambassador
for consultation, Presi-
dent Roosevelt declined
to do anything else of
substance — not even in-
crease the quota for
Jewish refugees. The fact
that reactions were re-
strained in the face of
such brutality and de-
structiveness made vio-
lence — brutal killing and
roundups — the new
"floor" of behavior on
which one could build the
next step.
World Jewry also was re-
strained in its actions. The
Chief Rabbi of France, in an
interview in Le Matin,
exonerated French inaction
on the grounds that "the
preservation of peace on
earth" was the most essen-
tial concern now.
No wonder then that Das
Schwarze Korps, an official
SS and Gestapo publication,
expressed its summary of
the lessons of Kristallnacht:
". . (we should) face the
hard necessity of exter-
minating the Jewish un-
derworld . . . by fire and
sword."
German Jewry learned
the lesson — but it was too
late to save many Jews.
After a jump to 37,000
Jewish emigrants from
Germany in 1933 when Hi-
tler came to power, the rate
of Jewish outflow actually
declined. Despite steady de-
terioration and increased
persecution, Jewish emig-
ration fluctuated between
23,000 and 20,000 annually
from 1934-1938. Jews were
reluctant to leave, reluctant
to abandon Germany to the
new barbarism.
were repeated moments
when Hitler could have
been stopped or even over-
thrown.
The lesson of Nov. 10,
1938, is to draw the line
early; evil is best nipped in
the bud. Menahem Begin
was frequently accused of
exaggerating. In my opin-
ion, he escalated to the lan-
guage of Holocaust too
quickly. But he learned the
lesson of Kristallnacht well.
His successor — and all of us
— would do well to re-
member.
Kristallnacht smashed il-
lusions and sent Jews
frantically searching for
exits. By frenzied, heroic
efforts, the rate of Jewish
emigration quadrupled
in the 10 months from
Kristallnacht to the out-
break of World War II.
But tens of thousands of
other Jews found the
gates closed and visas
denied.
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