54 Friday, March 18, 1983
THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS
Hadrian's Arch: No Longer a Hidden Clue to City's Past
JERUSALEM — Count-
less millions of pedestrians
have strolled or strayed
through Jerusalem's
Damascus Gate without
stopping to glance down at
the arch just peeking above
ground level off to one side.
Today, some 1,850 years
after its construction, that
arch stands once more re-
vealed in all its glory, rid of
the debris that had
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gradually swallowed it up.
The story of the arch in
135 CE, the year the Bar
Kochba revolt of Jews
against Roman rule was
quelled. The Roman Em-
peror Hadrian ordered the
obliteration of any
"Jewishness" in Jerusalem
by razing the city and build-
ing in its stead a Roman
military colony, access to
which was forbidden to any-
one circumcised.
Even the name
Jerusalem was banned
and the new town was
called Aelia Capitolina
(Aelia) the middle name
of Hadrian, and
Capitolina: the divine
Roman trinity of Jupiter,
Juno and Minerva). The
excavated arch carries
an inscription mention-
ing Colonia Aelia
Capitolina, conveniently
ruling out any guessing
about its origin.
The arch was part of a tri-
ple, triumphal entryway
that stood at the head of the
north-south axis of the
town, the Cardo Maximus.
Every Roman town was laid
out in grids, and the second
axis, running from west to
east, was called the De-
cumanus Maximus. Both
streets were bordered by
colonnades, and at their in-
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tersection stood the "Tet-
raphylon" (Four-Pillars). In
Jerusalem the tetraphylon
has survived and stands
now, rather incongruously,
inside an Arab coffee house.
The second Hadrianic
triumphal arch in
Jerusalem spans the Via
Dolorsa, and the third has
been incorporated in the
Monastery of the Sisters of
Zion. In 1935, the English
archeologist Hamilton
found remains of the wall of
Aelia Capitolina near
Damascus Gate. He con-
cluded that Aelia was un-
walled until the Third Cen-
tury when the Tenth Legion
moved to Elat on the Red
Sea to withstand Arab raid-
ers.
The Hadrianic gate next
to Damascus Gate was fully
excavated in 1981. Passing
under it, one can now walk
on the actual pavement of
the Roman cardo. A corridor
leads into the large guard
room, which connects with
the top of the Turkish city
wall by way of a staircase.
The Byzantines converted
the guard room into two
stories. The staircase was
blocked off and its lower
part converted into a water
cistern. The room now had a
vaulted ceiling and was
used for olive oil production.
Remains of the olive press
have now been uncovered
and restored.
,
Even thouugh the olive
press went out of use cen-
turies ago, its existance is
inferred by the Arab
name of the adjacent
modern street, Khan el
Zeit (the Inn of the Olive).
The Crusaders com-
pletely blocked the room
off in the 13th Century,
probably to prevent in-
vaders from reaching the
top of the city wall they
had rebuilt.
A Sixth Century map of
Jerusalem shows a plaza at
the beginning of the Cardo
May Elected
to Two Posts
street, and in the centre of
the square, a marble col-
umn. This column origi-
nally carried the statue of
Publius Aelia Hadrianus,
and in the Byzantine period,
a cross. As noted, modern
names sometimes infer the
existence of ancient re-
mains. To this day the
Arabic name of Damascus
Gate is "Bab-el-Amund,"
the Gate of the Column.
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