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Tel-Ea Plaza . Telegraph
N. of 10 MIN • 357•1722
THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS
A Ghetto Fighter Dies Among His Compatriots
By GITTA
AMIPAZ-SILBER
World Zionist Press Service
A lone survivor of the mil-
lions is no more. He died
suddenly, while more than
10,000 survivors, coming
from Israel and from the
four corners of the world,
met in Jerusalem for the
four day World Gathering of
Holocaust Survivors in
June.
Perhaps Yitzhak Zuc-
kerman could not take it
anymore. His heart, failed
him. Was it emotionally too
much for this 66-year-old
fighter to meet his fellow
survivors and relive so viv-
idly what they had gone
through in the Nazi hell?
Zuckerman, known by his
underground name "An-
tek," would have found it
easy, because of his Slavic
features, to pass himself off
as an Aryan during the
German occupation of Po-
land. But instead of this he
devoted himself completely
to underground activities,
to saving Jews and to fight-
ing the Nazis.
In 1941, after half a mil-
lion /Jews had been
herded into the Warsaw
Ghetto and sealed off
from the outside world,
Zuckerman organized
them for self-help and for
eventual resistance. Sur-
vival was the main prob-
lem. Mass unemploy-
ment, overcrowding,
hunger and cold were de-
liberately inflicted on the
ghetto by the Nazis.
Epidemics were ram-
pant. Less than two years
later, more than 100,000
Jews had died, not count-
ing those who had been
sent to slave labor camps,
where few remained
alive.
By the end of 1941, Zuc-
kerman and his friends,
who had organized defense
squads among the ghetto
Jews, received the first
news of the destruction of
Vilna Jewry. Those Jews
were being taken to the
Ponar forests and mas-
sacred, said an emissary re-
turning to the Warsaw
Ghetto. The few who had
managed to escape from the
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death pits, and other emis-
saries, amongst them
Hayka Grossman, today a
member of Kibutz Evron
and a Knesset member, con-
firmed these accounts.
These were the first re-
ports of total extermination.
A few weeks later, more
horrible news came from a
Jew who had been a
gravedigger in Chelinno
and had managed to escape.
There the Germans pushed
the Jews, young and old,
women and children, into
cars where they were gas-
sed. Then they were driven
to a forest where the pile of
corpses were thrown into
pits.
Up to then, the Youth
Movement had devoted
their energies to preserving
lives and human dignity.
Yitzhak had taken upon
himself to organize cultural
activities: schools were op-
erated, although education
of children was forbidden;
scientific lectuies were de-
livered; public worship was
not allowed but still, reli-
gious services were held;
underground periodicals
appeared.
It was now clear to Yit-
zhak that new ways had
to be found to organize
defense. They would not
go helplessly to the
slaughter. He proposed
the formation of a Jewish
fighting organization for
active resistance.
The Jewish Fighting
Organization was estab-
lished in the Ghetto. Antek
was also active in the Aryan
sector trying to get assis-
tance from the Polish un-
derground, but in vain. The
Jews' arsenal contained
only two small pistols! They
felt they were isolated from
the world.
- And so, in the course of
two months, 300,000 out of
the 370,000 ghetto inhabi-
tants were exterminated.
The resistance movement
suffered severe losses when
members were caught in ac-
tion. Yitzhak did his best to
encourage the fighters.
Military training started.
Molotov cocktails, hand
grenades and bombs were
produced secretly in the
ghetto. Bunkers and un-
derground tunnels were
built. Some hand grenades
and pistols, bought with
their own money with the
aid of the Polish under-
ground, were smuggled into
the ghetto.
The task of organizing the
uprising in the Warsaw
Ghetto was assigned to five
youngsters from the Jewish
Fighting Organinzation, at
the head of which stook
Mordechai AnileNCcz and
his deputy Antek, who was
also in charge of maintain-
ing communication with the
Jewish Fighting Organiza-
tions in other cities.
fighting, although the
Jewish partisans knew
that they would all be kil-
led.
The Polish underground,
full of admiration for the
Jews who had dared resist
the Germans with so few
weapons, sent them a new
shipment of arms. In the
meantime, the Jewish resis-
tance prepared feverishly
for the next battle and Zuc-
kerman was chosen to go to
the Aryan side of Warsaw to
be the fighters' representa-
tive to the Polish under-
ground.
Then, on April 19, 1943, a
German force with tanks
and artillery attacked.
However it retreated in
great confusion after suffer-
ing heavy losses and leav-
ing many dead behind. The
ghetto defenders were over-
joyed at having forced the
Germans to flee the Ghetto
twice.
The Germans • then
burned the houses, one after
the other. The ghetto
burned for days and nights.
And so the Jewish fighters
perished, except for about
50 who escaped, a number of
them through the sewer
canals -- and continued to
fight the Germans in the
forest. Altogether, 56,000
ghetto Jews were destroyed
during the one month's
fighting. Three hundred
Germans were killed and
about 1,000 wounded.
The Warsaw Ghetto up- ,
rising was the biggest
Jewish revolt against Nazis
and the first armed uprising
in occupied Europe. Of it,
the 24-year-old leader Mor-
dechai Anilewicz wrote be-
fore his death: "The dream
of my life. has been fulfilled.
I have lived to see Jewish
defense in all its greatness
and glory."
U.S. Disagrees
With Ambassador
WASHINGTON (JTA) —
The State Department
stressed Tuesday that it did
not agree with the assertion
by a retiring U.S. ambas-
sador that peace could not
be achieved in the Middle
East as long as Premier
Menahem Begin remains in
office.
Department spokesman .
Dean Fischer said that Tal-
cott Seelye was "not speak-
ing for the Administration"
when he made his state-
ments in Damascus just
prior to leaving his post as
U.S. ambassador to Syria.
"He was reflecting his own
personal views," Fischer
said.
Mandel Chair
NEW YORK —A chair in
cognitive social psychology
and education has been es-
tablished by Barbara and
Morton L. Mandel, of Cleve-
Meanwhile the ghetto ' land, Ohio, at the National
defenders had received a Council of Jewish Women
small supply of arms Research Institute for Inno-
from their comrades on vation in Education, at the
School of Education of the
— the Aryan side of War-
saw. Then, the second Hebrew University of
wave of deportation Jerusalem. Dr. Michael In-
came in January 1943. bar, a professor at the He-
Stiff resistance was put brew University, has been
up in four days cif' street named the rust incumbent.,