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•••
Archeologists Uncover Byzantine Jerusalem
JERUSALEM—An addi-
tional portion of the broad
Israelite City wall, the an-
cient Cardo of Jerusalem,
and huge underground By-
zantine vaults are among
the finds in the season of
archeological digging ended
in February in Jerusalem's
Old City Jewish Quarter,
under the leadership of
Prof. Nahman Avigad of
the Hebrew University.
New chapters in the his-
tory of Jerusalem have
been brought to light, and
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,
old finds augmented, in the
eighth consecutive year of
the dig. Impressive rem-
nants found this year have
shed light on the city's
plan, its buildings, products
and topography in the vari-
ous periods of its history.
The main areas exca-
vated this season were in
the Jews' St., now under-
going renovation by the
Jewish Quarter Restoration
and Development Co., and
in the large open area near
the present southern wall.
The Byzantime period
dominated this year's dig.
Both in quality and quan-
tity, the finds make pal-
pable the flourishing build-
ing and development in
which Byzantine Jerusalem
excelled.
This applies first and fore-
most to Jerusalem's main
street of that time, known
as the Cardo. Parts of this
street were uncovered in
the Jews' St. for a total
length of 150 meters run-
' ning north-south. Paved, in
large flagstones, the street
is 22.5 meters wide and is
divided in three by two
Tows of columns. The cen-
tral, wide section was open
above and had two drain-
age channelS. The colon-
nades along both sides were
shaded by a roof. The archi-
tectural style as well as the
ceramic and numismatic
finds date the Cardo to the
Byzantine period (Fourth-
Sixth Century).
The existence of the
Carlo was previously
known only from the oldest
map of Jerusalem, pictured
in a Byzantine mosaic floor
(Sixth Century) found last
century in Madaba, Jordan.
Jerusalem, in this map, is
divided by a double-colon-
naded boulevard running
southward from the Dam-
ascus Gate. The Jerusalem.
Cardo is usually ascribed to
the Roman city, Aelia Ca-
pitolina, built by the Emper-
or Hadrian over the ruins
of Jerusalem after the quell-
ing of the Bar Koldiba rebel-
lion in the Second Century.
But the southern part of the
Cardo unearthed this year
yielded no traces of that pe-
riod. The Roman Cardo
was apparently limited to
the northern part of the
town.
A few years ago, rem-
nants -of the large Byzan-
tine church built by the Em-
peror Justinian in the Sixth
Centdry and known as the
"Nea" were revealed in the
Jewish Quarter. This year,
a system of underground
vaults was uncovered, ap-
, : parently belonging to the
Nea buildings.
The vaults extend over an
area 25 by 26 meters, and
some of the ten-meter-high
vaulted halls are still pre-
served intact. They served
as a substructure for the
buildings above and, at the
same time, were used as
water reservoirs. In their
design, proportions and
stone-and-brick construction
these vaults are unique
among architectural mon-
uments in Israel./
.
Excavation of earlier
levels also progressed this
year. A westward contin-
uation of the broad Israelite
City wall found earlier, and
remnants of walls, floors
and ceramics from the Sev-
enth and Eighth Centuries
Above the Byzantine level
the archeologists have
begun to uncover a large
Crusader building (12th Cen-
tury), with thick walls and
massive columns. Its func-
tion is not yet clear. Water
installations added during
America-Israel Cultural
Foundation and the Am-
bassador International Cul-
tural Foundation in Pasa-
dena, Calif.
1
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On the left are shown the excavated underground vaults
of the Nea buildings, a church built by the Byzantine em-
peror Justinian in the Sixth Century, and recently discov-
ered in diggings in the Jewish Quarter. Also in the quarter
were uncovered, on the right, part of the Cardo, Jerusa-
lem's main street of the Byzantine period. Remains of
arches and columns can be seen, which once formed a co-
lonnade which ran along both sides of the street.
BCE found above bedrock-
near the Jewish Quarter's
southwestern extreme this
year, give increasing evi-
dence that the western hills
of Jerusalem was already
populated during the First
Temple period.
A level of Hasmonean set-
tlement was found above
the Israelite level, here as
in the rest of the Jewish
Quarter (Second-First Cen-
turies BCE). The out-
standing find of this period
is a city wall segment some
five meters thick, uncov-
ered to the south of David
Street (beneath the Cardo)
running on an east-west
line. This is part of the
First Wall which, according
to the description of Jo-
sephus, crossed here. Anoth-
er part of this wall, with a
square tower, was uncov-
ered last year about 50
meters to the east, south of
the Street of the Chain.
The next layer is dated to
the Herodian period, (37
BCE to 70 CE ). This age is
represented by remnants of
luxurious buildings, built of
hewn stones, their walls
plastered in color and with
stone-panelled rooms. Much
evidence of destruction is
found in these houses. Coins
from the First Rebellion
found on the floors definite-
ly date the ruin to the de-
struction of Jerusalem by
the Romans in the year 70
CE.
A Byzantine graded
street pavement was found
directly above the ruins
from the Second Temple pe-
riod. This was one more in-
stance of the lack of a
Roman period level, absent
throughout the Jewish Quar-
ter.
the Mamaluke period seem
to have served some kind
of manufacture.
The excavations in the
Jewish Quarter are carried
out under the auspices of
the Hebrew University's In-
stitute of Archeology, the Is-
rael Exploration Society,
and the Department of An-
tiquities of the Ministry of
Education and Culture.
Also participating are the
Jewish Quarter Restoration
and Development Company,
and the Jerusalem Founda-
tion, with the help of the
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