THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS
Behind the Headlines: Sinai 1956 and 1975
By YITZHAK SHARGIL
TEL AVIV (JTA) — Thd
ancient wisdom of Eccle-
siastes that there is nothing
new under the sun finds
dramatic affirmation in the
duplication of events mark-
ing Israel's scheduled sec-
ond pullback in the Sinai in
a new interim accord with
Egypt and the pullback un-
der United States pressure
in 1956.
Then, as now, Israel faces
heavy pressure from a Pres-
ident of the United States to
yield the security gains won
by force of arms from a bel-
licose Egypt. Then as now
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debate raged among Israel's rael joined, sweeping to
leaders — then led by Is- the east bank of the canal.
Prompted by the Soviet
rael's architect David Ben-
Gurion — on the security Union, then as now the
hazards of yielding to U.S. "protector" of the Arabs,
pressure; then, as now, Is- and by an embittered U.S.,
raelis took to the streets in the United Nations swiftly
occasionally violent demon- adopted a resolution on Nov.
strations against that pres- 2, 1956 demanding an imme-
diate withdrawal.
sure.
Dag Hammarskjold, the
Israel, in 1956, hlad been
under steady and murder- UN Secretary General, re-
ous hit-and-run attacks jected an Israeli offer for a
from terrorists operating cease-fire. On Nov. 5, Soviet
from bases in the Sinai, President Gulganin sent a
with the open support of threatehing letter, declaring
Egypt's President Nasser, the USSR was moving to act
who had closed the Straits to put an end to the war and
of Tiran by use of the Egyp- to restrain "the aggressors."
President Eisenhower
tian base at Sharm el-
Sheikh, thus denying sent a similar letter to Is-
transit of ships to the new rael, demanding with-
drawal, a letter slightly
Israeli port of Eilat.
Britain at that time was more polite than that of
anxious to regain the foot- Gulganin but containing a
hold in the Suez Canal warning that Israel should
area it had recently lost. avoid an inflexible stand
France, deeply involved in which concerned the whole
the Algerian revolution world and which would un-
was eager to punish Egypt dermine "the friendly coop-
for its aid to the Algerian eration" between the U.S.
insurgents. Out of such and Israel.
differing motivations came
a joint British-French at-
tack
_ on Egypt, which Is-
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When the Soviet threat
was made public, the Ei-
senhower Administration
panicked. A senior State
Department official (Sec-
retary of State John Fos-
ter Dulles was confined to
bed) told an Israeli envoy
in Washington that the
world was on the edge of a
major war, that Israel's
refusal to yield the entire
Sinai in accordance with
UN decisions endangered
world peace, and could
result in "grave consequ-
ences," such as discontin-
uance of U.S. governmen-
tal and private aid to
Israel, sanctions by the
UN Security Council and
possibly even the ouster of
Israel from the UN.
Israel faced an unbending
UN and a rift with the U.S.,
which was too much to bear.
Israel could not chance los-
ing the friendship of the
U.S. and Golda Meir, then
Israel's Foreign Minister, so
informed Dulles when she
met him in Dallas late in
December. The UN and U.S.
pressures on Israel
mounted. Eisenhower sent a
series of letters to Ben Gur-
ion.
Israel, yielding to the
huge squeeze, said it would
pull out of the Sinai, except
for the Gaza Strip, which
had been a nest for terror-
ists striking at Israeli settle-
ments, and Sharm el-
Sheikh.
The U.S. response was a
step-up in pressure. Dulles
met with American Jewish
leaders and, it was reported,
had tears in his eyes as he
explained the "consequ-
ences" of Israel's "ob-
duracy."
On Jan. 4, 1957, Ben-
Gurion announced that
Israel would not return to
the pre-1956 lines and
would not yield the Gaza
Strip and Sharm el-
Sheikh. The Herut Party
and the General Zionists
expressed satisfaction
over that stand.
As
U.S.
pressure
mounted, a meeting was
held in Ben Gurion's Tel
Aviv home at which it was
decided that Israel would
not give up the vital security
interests represented by its
Friday, September 5, 1975 37
LARRY FREEDMAN ]
hold on Gaza and the Sharm tional waterway and that
el-Sheikh area. The nation the Gaza Strip would not be Orchestra and Entertainment
backed that decision.
permitted to become again a
In February, the Jews of springboard for the murder-
Israel staged huge demon-
(Continued on Page 38)
strations in scores of cities
and settlements, the largest
in Tel Aviv, in support of the
government's stand. Yigal
Allon, the present Foreign
The Weintraub Family
Minister, was one of the
speakers against the intense
pressure from the Eisen-
hower Administration and 73
from Hammarskjold. The
demonstration in Haifa was
the stormiest; Herut youth
distributed leaflets charg-
ing that Allon favored with-
drawal from Gaza.
Eisenhower met with
Senate leaders on imposi-
A Happy,
tion of sanctions against
Israel, as Israel hunted for a
Healthii & Peaceful
formula to protect its secu-
rity. Finally, the French
drafted a proposal to give Is-
rael assurances that the
Tiran Straits would be
maintained as an interna-
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Maxwell House Coffee
Honors Famous Jewish-American Patriots
SOLOMON BUSH c.1745-c.1796
Colonel in the Continental Army
C
olonel Solomon Bush reached the
highest rank of all Jewish officers in
the Continental Army. His first duty
in the War of Independence was
Deputy Adjutant General of the Pennsylvania
State Militia. Fighting near Brandywine, Bush
received a near fatal wound. He survived but
was captured when Philadelphia was taken by
the British. He was later freed in a prisoner
exchange and applied for rations and pay. The
Supreme Executive Committee studied his rec-
ord and cited him for a distinguished and bril-
liant career, especially during the winter of 1776
"when the service was critical and hazardous."
After the war, unable to connect with a govern-
ment job, and probably seeking medical aid for
his wound that never quite healed, Bush jour-
neyed to England where he again was able to
serve his country. The British were still smart-
ing under defeat, and were pursuing a policy
which led to the War of 1812, seizing and
searching American boats and conscripting
A tradition in American-Jewish homes
for half a century
K CERTIFIED KOSHER
Good
to the
Last Drop.
(- 1•111
Ilr
GEMERAl FOOOS
their sailors into the Royal Navy. At the time,
no U.S. consul or ambassador was present to
intervene, so Col. Bush took it upon himself to
act on behalf of his fellow Americans. He
reported his efforts to President Washington
whose answer contained warm commendations
for the Colonel's successful interventions.
On his return to America. Bush applied for the
office of Postmaster General, recently vacated
by Timothy Pickering who had been promoted
to Secretary of War. He was the first Jew
known to be considered for Cabinet rank. If he
failed to reach this office, his unhealed wound
must have played a role since it did hasten his
death, probably in 1796.
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