Hebrew U. Holocaust Authority
Recounts Armed Resistance
by Jews, Warns of 'Stereotypes'
By DAVID SACHS
"We have found considerable
evidence that Jewish armed resist-
ance to the Nazis was more wide-
spread than we thought," said Dr.
Yehuda Bauer, Holocaust historian
at the Hebrew University and au-
thor of "From Diplomacy to Resist-
ance."
Dr. Bauer related his findings to
the "Church Struggle and Holo-
caust" seminar at Wayne State
University Monday sponsored by
the Walker and Gertrude Cisler
Library.
The three-day seminar drew 30
clergymen, theologians, historians
and political scientists from the
U.S. and Canada.
The other speakers were Dr.
Franklin Littell of Temple Univer-
sity, Dr. Lyman Legters of the
University of Washington, Dr. John
Jay Hughes of St. Louis University,
Dr. S. William Halperin of WSU
and Dr. Emil Fackenheim of the
University of Toronto. Dr. Uriel
Tal of the Hebrew University did
not attend due to illness.
Dr. Bauer cited examples of
Jewish partisan and resistance
groups and Jewish units that
fought in armies opposing the
Germans. As deputy director of the
Institute of Contemporary Jewry—
department of Holocaust studies at
the university, Dr. Bauer, a sabra,
aims to research a "better-bal-
anced" history of the Holocaust,
free from stereotyping.
Dr. Bauer said that historians
rationalized that Jewish armed
resistance - to the Nazis was mar-
ginal. "We had not been quite
,Iright," he said. "The reason we
''didn't know about the resistance
is that the Germans killed the
resistors."
Excluding the Warsaw Ghetto,
Bauer said that 21 Jeivish partisan
44, units and 34 resistance groups
were found to have existed in Po-
land. He alscresaid that there was a
*rce of 6;0604,000-armed Jews in
Poland and 15,000 Jewish parti-
sans in R sia and the Ukraine. - _
Dr.. "Bauer said:that the Lithu-
anian divisions in the. Russian
army were 45-90 per cent Jewish.
The commanding officers of these
units were Lithuanian; however,
secondary officers were Jewish.
Commands were given in Yiddish.
Bauer said that similar situations,
to a lesser degree, occurred in the
Czech and Latvian armies.
While seeking a more factual
perspective of the Holocaust, Bauer
added, "We must not forget that
the Holocaust was the Holocaust,.
not Jewish resistance."
Dr. Bauer criticized historians of
the Holocaust who viewed events
from the point of view of the Nazis.
He feels that much of the knowl-
edge about the Jewish reaction is
incomplete and stereotyped. For
example, he noted the "collabora-
tive stereotype" of the Jewish
councils. In contrast. he referred
to a recent study of 73 such Jewish
councils in southeastern Poland
which had shown behavior that did
not conform to the stereotype. The
stereotype, he added, "must be
utterly discredited."
The area of passive resistance
to the Nazis, Bauer said, is dif-
ficult to define and needs more
investigation. B a s i c a l l y, Dr.
Bauer recommended that the re-
actions of the Jews or of Jewish
groups be judged individually in
context, and not generalized.
Dr. Bauer noted personal me-
moirs and archives of the era that
have remained untapped by histor-
ians. As for the final historical
judgment of the Holocaust, Dr.
Bauer said, "We still have a long
way to go."
In a Wednesday address to the
seminar, Dr. Emil Fackenheim of
Toronto said, "There is a Jewish
temptation to soft-peddle the Holo-
caust."
Dr. Fackenheim, a philosopher
and rabbi, believes that Jews
should speak out. "As a Jew, I
owe it to Christians to confront
them with the Holocaust," he said.
"The only one who can say the
truth is one who suffers from it."
Dr. Fackeneim said that the
Holocaust put an end to anti-
Semitism's "respectable" image,
but that 1971-style anti-Semitism
was expressed as anti-Zionism.
"Anti-Zionism is the silent con-
doning that the state of Israel
will be destroyed," he said.
"If Israel goes down it will mean
the end of 4,000 years of Judaism,"
he said.
Dr. Fackenheim said that be-
cause of world indifference at the
time of the Holocaust, "We have
been forced to take our destiny
into our own hands."
"If there had been a state of
Israel then they would have bomb-
ed the railroads to Auschwitz," he
said.
Christian Thinker, Mrs. Fackenheim,
Sees Holocaust as a Failure of Church
She agrees "100 per cent" with
By DAVID SACHS
Mrs. Emil Fackenheim, a Pro- seminar lecturer Dr. Franklin Lit-
testant theologian and wife of the tell of Temple University who
noted Toronto philosopher and views the Holocaust as the focal
rabbi, attended the "Church Strug- point of modern church history. To
gle and Holocaust" seminar with "Mrs. Fackenheim, the Holocaust
demonstrated a "failure of Chris-
her husband. -
tianity in Europe." She referred to
"I don't think the church is centuries of traditional anti-Semit-
struggling enough," she said. Dedi- ism which the Nazis preyed upon.
cated to the belief that the church "Without this tradition, the Nazis
must rid itself of anti-Semitic tra- could not have done what they
dition, she added, "We have to re- did," she said.
think all our philosophy—which is
"Few Christian theologians want
a very painful process."
to lace this," she added. She also
A native of Calgary, Mrs. Fack-
essed disappointment that few
enheim met her German-born hus- f -cal the church spoke out in de-
band at the University of Toronto
Ise of Israel during the desper-
and married him in 1957. Rabbi ate days prior to the Six-Day War.
Fackenheim now teaches philoso-
"Most Christian Pnti-Semitism
phy and Jewish studies at the
is subconscious," Mrs. Facken-
university, is author of "God's heim remarked. She was unsure,
Presence in History" and a Com- however, if bringing the problem
mentary contributor.
out into the open among the peo-
Mrs. Fackenheim said they
ple was desirable. She has ob-
keep a Jewish home and thus
served two general reactions of
spare their children the "schizo-
istians when confronted with
tr subconscious anti-Semitism:
phrenia" of conflicting cultures.
The children have been convert-
:ntance or increased anti-
ed to Judaism in a "Lubavitcher
.itism.
mikva" and attend an Orthodox
eople who are repentant usu-
day school. "Anything else would , have known someone Jewish
be a copout," she said.
whom they love," she said.
she left a session of the
Haunted by the "incomprehensi-
irch Struggle and Holocaust"
ble evil" of the Holocaust, Mrs.
Fackenheim is sensitive to anti- seminar, Mrs. Fackenheim com-
Semitism. She fears that a Holo- mented, "The people at Wayne
State are doing a very good thing."
caust could happen again.
JEWISH NEWS
Dr. Bauer to Talk WSU Hillel Group THE DETROIT
Friday, March 26, 1971-33
at Jewish Center
Plans Art Auction 0,444-70Fr************-4 ,44,
Dr. Yehuda Bauer, head of the
department of Holocaust studies
of the Institute of Contemporary
Jewry, Hebrew University, will
speak at the Jewish Center's 10
Mile branch 7:30 p.m. April 4.
Dr. Bauer will discuss his books
"Flight and Rescue: Briha" and
"From Diplomacy to Resistance."
The program is co-sponsored by
the Laymen's Institute on the Mid-
dle East (American Jewish Com-
mittee, American Jewish Congress,
Michigan Association of Jewish
College Students and Anti-Defama-
tion League) and by the American
Habonim Association, Detroit
Chapter. The public is invited at
no charge.
Student Zionists
Plan Collegiate
Programs in Israel
NEW YORK (JTA) — Several
new Israeli programs for Ameri-
can college youth will be launched
this summer by Hamagshimim,
the Student Zionist movement, it
was announced here by Hillel Sol-
omon, coordinator of Israel pro_
grams.
According to Solomon, the pro-
grams, which include "Hamag-
shimim Summer in Kibbutz," and
"Hamagshimim Archeology Sem-
inar and Tour," will emphasize a
new participatory approach to an
Israeli experience.
Hamagshimim, he reported,
will aim at imbuing participants
with what he termed "a sense
of Israel" and personal obliga-
tion to do Israeli and Jewish
work on their campuses.
In this respect, he noted, the
new programs would fill a void,
since many existing programs
tend to leave the participant with
little sense of personal obligation
to Israel.
As part of its "Archeology Sem-
inar and Tour' program, Harnag-
shimim will send some 120 stud-
ents to Israel early in June to
receive classroom instruction in
Israeli archeology, participate in
"dig" work and attend various lec-
tures and discussions on Israel's
social problems.
T h e newly-created "Hamag-
shimim Summer in Kibbutz," he
said, is oriented "at those desiring
a serious experiment at kibutz
life."
`Total Shabat Experience'
at Rochester University
ROCHESTER, N.Y. (JTA)—A
core group of UniVersity of Ro-
chester Hillel students, approxi-
mately 60, have undertaken the
development of an elaborate total
Shabat experience at the Uni-
versity of Rochester Hillel Foun-
dation.
Tht students prepare the Shabat
evening meal and Sabbath lunch-
eon, utilizing the kosher kitchen
in the interfaith chapel of the Uni-
versity of Rochester. Students
from the Jewish cookery class of
the Free School of Jewish Studies
help in the preparation,. the bak-
ing of hallas and the preparation
of the total meal.
The meal is combined with the
singing of zemirot, all of the tra-
ditional Jewish rituals, including
the lighting of the candles, the
Kidush and the Birkat Hamazon.
In addition, guest faculty speak-
ers come to discuss current issues
in Jewish life. Following the eve-
ning meals, there is a late Friday
evening service for conservative
and liberal students. The format
varies either conservative, reform
or reconstructionist. Many students
write original prayers and give ser-
monettes. Following this, there is
an oneg Shabat in dormitories and
residence halls.
The Bnai Brith Hillel Founda-
tion of Wayne State University
will hold an art exhibit and auc-
tion 1-8 p.m. Sunday in the grand
ballroom, University Center build-
ing. The preview will begin at 1
with the first auction set for 2:30.
Original oils, etchings, drawings
and lithographs will be featured,
all custom framed. There will be
a prize. Admission is nominal.
For information, call Barry Sil-
ver, chairman, 577-3459.
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