10—Friday, July 29, 1966

THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS

Raymond Carr's History of Modern Spain
Accounts for Inquisition and Anti-Semitism

There are concluding comments
in "Spain 1808-1939," in which the
author, Raymond Carr, asserts:
"It is true that, in the years
after 1939, when European war
made reconstruction a physical im-
possibility, the government of
Spain had small opportunity to
heal the wounds of civil war—had
this been its intention—with the
balm of material progress . . . In
the transition from the state of war
to civil society, obedience will be
given to the protector, however
protection is achieved. Order was
the indubitable achievement of
General Franco's rule: yet it can
be bought at a price that societies
in the long run cannot. afford. As
previous exponents of the craft of
iron surgery have experienced, the
marginal costs of authoritarianism
are high and to record the Rubicon
is a delicate operation.
"The historic mission of 19th-
century liberalism was, in its own
customary phrase, the conciliation
of order and progress. The modifi-
cation and modernization of a re-
sistant traditional society is a task
which tests the liberal tradition to
the utmost limit. Confronted as
they were on the right by those
rigid men who would preserve tra-
dition by force, and on the left, by
those doctrinaires who would take
little account of the realities of
social life and the limits of the pos-
sible, Spanish liberal and, perhaps,
small chance of success."
Thus we have, in this important
history, issued by Oxford Univer-
sity Press (417 5th NY16), as
part of the series of the Oxford
History of Modern Europe, offers a
valuable and informative analysis
of the events in Spain for 130
years, the consequences of the civil
war and the effects upon Spain
and upon Europe.

There are numerous references
here to the Jews, to the Inquisi-
tion, to the anti-Semitic trends,
and it is evident that in the spread
of bigotry the prejudiced in Spain
used the same slogans as anti-
Semites elsewhere as exemplified
by this comment: "The Basques
who accepted the 'realist' line and
the prospect of autonomy within
a secular Republic were de-
nounced as the allies of 'Jews,
Masons and Communists.' "
Then, referring to Jose Calvo
Sotelo, a leader of the right, it is
indicated that "his most extreme
supporters blamed the Jews" for
speculations.
Describing the paranoid type of
political thinking, there is the
further comment that "until Marx-
ists and Jews appear, the conspira-
cy was always that of Protestant-
atheist-Freemasons." Thus the Jew
was the available scapegoat, no
matter how few Jews there were
in Spain. Carr states at another
point that the violent polemicist,
Enrique Suner, "believed in a Jew-
ish-Marxist-Masonic conspiracy for
the capture of university patron-
age."
Of interest is the reference to
the activities of Juan Alvarez
Mendizabal, the financier-politi-
cian who was a liberal conspira-
tor. A footnote to the account of
his important role states: "Men-
dizabal's Jewish origins were ex-
ploited by his opponents. In cari-
catures he was portrayed with a
tail with the motto 'Come on boys,
after the Jew. Pull the tail of
Juanillo.' "
The powers of the Inquisition,
showing how there was created "a
modern version of the Black Leg-
end," is revealed by Carr. It is in-
dicated at one point that "'Catholic
unity, if desirable, was no longer

expedient, for it was conceivable
only in a society where the Inqui-
siron was acceptable and effica-
cious."
At the outset, reviewing Church
influence, in the early years of the
19th century, stating that "there
was in Spain a minority who, if not
,free thinkers, were extremely crit-
ical of the position and claims of
the Spanish Church," Carr points
out:
"The Inquisition was an ineffec-
tive irritant, slow and erratic-in its
procedures: it merely cut up the
price of books, forcing readers to
all sorts of subterfuges in order to
consume often out-dated heresies.
Even a pious man like Jovellanos
could feel bitterly at the attempts
of the Inquisition to sabotage his
plans for establishing a modern
technical institute at Gijon. No
Spaniard could freely obtain the
works of Voltaire. Rousseau or
Buffon. At the beginning of every
avenue of progress, intellectual or
material, stood the Church with the
feeble Inquisition as a symbol of
Spain's distance from cultivated
Europe."
These and a score of other eval-
uative analyses of Spain's role in
European history are part of a
great. work, marked by scholarly
research, replete with data, excel-
lently written. Carr's is an out-
standing history of modern Spain.

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JERUSALEM — Lifeline for the
Old, a volunteer group to help the
city's aged, added a new facet to
its aid works with the introduction
of a "Meals on Wheels" program.
The project provides hot meals
for 6' cents to recipients selected
as needy by an advisory team of
doctors, nurses and social workers.
The "Meals on Wheels" program
has brought to light the inade-
quate facilities provided by the
city for the care of its aged. Jeru-
salem has an unusually large old
population since many Jews come
to the historic city to spend their
last years.
Mrs. Miriam Mendilow, head of
the Lifeline program, stated that
before statehood the Jewish popu-
lation of the city looked after its
old, but now the feeling is that the
state will do it.

for sink

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'Meals on Wheels
Program in Jerusalem
Shows Neglect of Old

JERUSALEM (JTA) — The
Cabinet Sunday approved the ap-
pointment of Dr. Yaakov Herzog,
.Israel's former ambassador to
Canada and minister in Washing-
ton, as director general of the
prime minister's office. The post
has been vacant since Theodore
Kollek resigned more than a year
ago.
In his new post, Dr. Herzog will
also chair a special committee
dealing with security matters and
serve as the premier's adviser for
security affairs, a function former-
ly carried out - by Isser Harel who
resigned last month.
Dr. Herzog, a son of the late
Israeli Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Halevi
Herzog, had been named last year
as the? chief rabbi of Britain but
later withdrew on the grounds of
illness. While recovering from the
illness during the past five months,
Dr.- Herzog has been serving as
adviser to Preniier Eshkol on a
part-time basis.

50