Dr. Holborn's History of Germany Relates Early Anti-Semitic Trends Dr. Hajo Holborn, Sterling Professor of History at Yale University, who is considered the leading authority on Ger- man history in this country, had intended to follow up his His- tory of the German Reforma- tion with a one-volume history of Germany from 1648 to 1945. He found that task to be im- possible. It would have necessi- tated, as he explains, "a com- pression of the history of the last century that would have blurred the understanding of the complex developments which enabled Germany twice during the last 50 years to challenge the traditional world order." Prof. Holborn states further that "although Germany's drive for world power in many re- spects served only as a catalyst for the radical transformation of our world, her part in this historic process deserves a full treatment." He has therefore written "A History of Modern Germany, 1648-1840," which has been pub- lished by Knopf, and he plans to follow it with an 1840-1945 history in which he will deal with the Nazi era. A native of Germany, he held professorial posts at Heidelberg and in Berlin. An opponent of Nazism ("I was an outspoken republican, of which there were not so many—particularly of my age"). he was forbidden to teach in Germany and he came to the U.S. in 1933 to join the Yale University faculty. Many of the experiences affecting Jews during the periods under review are de- scribed by Prof. Holborn. With reference to the Edict of Toleration of Oct. 13, 1871, which ended Austria's "Ferdi- nandean period," he states o<` ‘‘‘°c‘ OCEANFRONT 25th m 26th Sty., Miami leach e4 •Nc yote ;tors • FREE TV • FREE CRUISE , 00 -.41 1 A,4 $ 1,44, • FAMOUS DINE-A-RAMA M e,tys t Special Controlled Diets 40 ' MODIFIED AMERICAN PLAN 50 so Per Person Double occup. of 258 Rooms To January 19th S 04CLUDING1 TWO MEALS $19,1aa.20•Mar.22 Write For Brochure YOUR INVITATION TO that "the legal position of Jews, like that of other groups, rested on special privileges and not on general legislation." led to the emigration of many Jews to Poland, indicated the insecurity of the Jews in Germany," the historian points out. Jews continued in many He continues to describe the conditions of that time by places in spite of the catastro- stating: "Prior to the late 18th phes, but in some cities they century„ equality of Jews could were not tolerated. Dr. Holborn only have meant equality with lists the status of Jews in some either the nobility or the peas- of the German communities— ants of burghers. But the ques- there was one Jew in Ulm, 500 tion would still have remained Jewish households in Frank- in what class of burghers they furt. There were opportunities should have been fitted. On the for improvement, since Jews other hand, the Jews wanted to were of assistance in economic be a group of their own in matters, and because they could order to cultivate their religion establish contacts. The histor- and live according to the law ian states: "After 1648 Germany of their fathers. The special had to rely almost entirely on position of the Jews in the the importation of metals, and medieval and modern world is consequently Jewish connec- not surprising, nor is the fact tions with the sources of sup- of their pariah role in a society ply were of great value. Coinage dominated by a single orthodox and currency operations be- faith. The centuries that saw came main activities of Jewish the worst persecution of Chris- bankers." tians who deviated from ortho- Jewish participation in pro- doxy could not be expected to duction was made possible forgive the Jews their religion. with the decline of the guilds. Only a generation that began That's when Jewish capital was to see the different religions welcomed, and although the as emanations of a universal Jews were expelled from Vienna natural religion could become their financial expertness was more tolerant in this respect." needed and special permission Thereupon, the historian ana- was given to some to return. lyzes the status of the Jews at Prof. Holborn describes the that time during which anti- functions of the "court Jews," Semitism was rampant. "All the activities of Samuel Op- during the Middle Ages," Dr. penheimer who died in 1703 Holborn writes, "Jews managed after becoming a mighty a substantial part of the long- figure in Austria's financial distance trade, particularly of history. There is special ref- luxury goods and of all money erence to the famous "Jew and loan operations. The canon- Suss," Joseph Suss Oppen- ic prohibition of usury had no heimer who served Duke Carl parallel in Hebrew religious Alexander of Wurtenburg laws, and consequently Jewish and whose life ended on the social ethics presented no im- gallows. pediment to capitalistic atti- A happier note is struck in tudes. Dire necessity compelled dealing with Moses Mendelssohn the Jews to live outside the (1729-86) "to whom (Ephraim occupations and craft guilds, Go tthold) Lessing created a which were set up as Christian monument in his 'Nathan the corporations. Moreover, the ac- Wise.' " Mendelss ohn, who quisition of landed property worked his way up to owner- was forbidden, and schools, ship of a silk firm, is described universities, and all public of- as the devout Jew who became fices were closed to them. On active in the Enlightenment the other hand, kings, princes, movement. and bishops needed their ser- Commenting on the attitude vices. The privileges and exemptions that the Jews re- of students towards Jews, Dr. ceived constituted a bare mini- Holborn states that their refusal mum of protection. Often they to accept Jewish students in were swept aside when Chris- their unions "reflected their tian religious feeling ran high families' social attitude." He or Jewish economic practices adds on this score: "The be- were rightly or wrongly sus- lievers in a Kantian concept of pected of damaging the liveli- universal man lost out. Only 'Germans and Christians' were hood of the Gentiles." admitted. This did not mean the "The violent persecutions adoption of racist principles, of the Jews in the 15th and for converted Jews were not early 16th centuries, which rejected, and in this age many (the Restoration after 1815) " • German Jews joined Christian 4 churches. But it was a bad sign Jan. 19 42 of 300 rms. MODIFIED AMERICAN PLAN(2 gour• met meals daily), add $3.50 per pers, '17 Feb. 29 conditioned a heated eville For Reservations and Informa- tion, Call Ted Kipnis, Collect, MIAMI BEACH: JE 2.2511 500 ft, on the ocean at (Area Code 305) 30th St., Miami Beach .agalwavaawasmalill NOW! YOU ,(AN AFFORD AN OCEANFRONT , MIAMI BEACH VACATION! . plus: a FREE TRIP TO BIMINI, BAHAMAS, on an :::::::§ Ocean-Going Liner (with stay of 10 days or more)! Redecorated Refurnished! Refreshing! Free Park- ing! FREE CHAISES & MATS! All social, sports, entertainment activities! Air Cond. & heated! 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Jan.20 ,1 thru dbl. occupancy ... 100% air thru 'Round-the-clock entertainment Free Parking • Private Beach and Pool ; FREE INFORMATION': 1. agecAND FUN! Unsurpassed luxury .. . carefree informality. 14 that German education could not overcome these barriers of religion." Curiously, the author of this history maintain that "Karl Marx, who came from a family that had cut its ties with the Jewish community completely, nonetheless by his intense ra- tionalism showed traces of the long rabbinical tradition of his family." Of interest also in this history is the reference to Metternich's interest in the Jewish problem, and this observation: "Wilhelm von Humboldt, through his con- tacts with the Jewish literary circles of Berlin, had gained a great human liking for Jews early in his life. Together with Metternich he struggled suc- cessfully ... to defeat attempts of some states to deny full equality to the Jews . . ." It is surprising, however, that there is no mention in the Holborn history of Heinrich Heine (1767-1844) who was a prominent figure in the period discussed in this book. The Holborn history is val- uable for its evaluative material. We shall look forward with the keenest interest to the second volume which will deal with the era of the horrible holocaust that has disgraced Germany. sc s - ; of ood Reath Hotel GOLF AND TENNIS CLUB • HOLLYWOOD BEACH/FLORIDA "Under the same ownership for the past 19 years" BEN TOBIN, President • JOHN F. CLIFFORD, Vice President & Gen') Mgr. HOWARD L. GANEK, Director of Sales • BARBARA BROOKE, Resident Mgr. • •-