Prof. Delzell s Mussolini s Enemies' Shows
I Active Role by Jews in Resistance Efforts

.4

c:
g

Compilations of facts regard-
Mg the Holocaust, revelations
ci of the cruelties that were im-
i upon mankind during the
posed
Nazi regime, serve to keep alive
the memories of the sad years
•
- and are warnings against the
repetition of the horrors.
•
In the course of gathering the
valuable data about the tragh
I era that preceded Nazism and
Fascism, as well as about the
years during which Nazis and
Fascists dominated over many
Y. I areas and made war upon in-
Docent populations, a new his-
tor2,• of heroism is being written
the story of the courage and
•
the sacrifices made by the
▪
enemies of the dictators.
Supplementing the scores
-
of hooks that have been writ-
-
tell to expose the Nazi crimes
•
i; the extremely valuable
story of • the underground
w movement in Italy, as rec-
orded by Dr. Charles F. Del-
7(.11, professor of history at
Vanderbilt College, Nashville,
Tenn., in his great book,
"Mussolini's Enemies — The
Italian Anti-Fascist Resist-
ance." published by Princeton
University Press, Princeton,
N. J. This reviewer does not
hesitate to call this a very
great book. Packed into it is
a mass of information without
which the story of the resist-
ance movement would not
only be incomplete: it would
then be valueless. Prof. Del-
zell's through study has
earned for him the gratitude
of the liberty-loving peoples
whose aspirations for the per-
petuation of democratic ideas
will be inspired by the knowl-
edge that there were many
who were fearless in their
campaign against totalitarian-
ism and against the rule of
Mussolini.
Prof. Delzell adds an impor-
tant chapter to the history of
world libertarianism with his
account of the battles for justice
conducted by men and women
of courage who defied Mus-
solini. Many of them went to
thou- death and did not survive
the holocaust, but their names
are now part of history in the
.trug ,_tle a g a i n s t dictatorship

-1

-

.

and cruelties.

Among the names of the

heroes who were part of the
Italian anti-Fascist resistance

are those of many Jews. Among
t he best known are those of
Carlo Rosselli and his brother,
Prof. Nello Rosselli, both of
whom lost their lives to Mus-
solini's 4)andits.
Also distinguished among the
Jewish heroes of the resistance
was Emilio Sereni and scores
of others who, like him, organ-
ized opposition forces, cam-
pa gned against the fascists and
,-truggled for the overthrow of
the Mussolini regime.
tiereni was a member of the
insurrectional committee which
made t he final decision to exe-
unt/. the Duce. He had been
a‘.-Liive in the Jewish community

survived him."
Among the names of partici-
pants in the resistance we find,
in Delzell's records, those of
Max Ascoli, Dr. Carlo Levi,
Bruno Zevi and many others.
Among those who fell into Nazi
clutches when the Germans in-
vaded France was Dr. Ales-
sandro Tedeschi, Leghorn Jew-
ish physician, who was the last
Grand Master of the Emigres.
The Jewish leader Claudio
Treves and his sons played
major roles in the insurrection.
Prof. Delzell traces the begin-
nings of anti-Semitism in Italy
:. in the following:
:-.444:
" "`''.4-;
"In due course a group
Mussolini's Widow
emerged in Turin under the
terregnum of Marshal Badoglio. guidance of Prof. Leone Ginz-
burg, a brilliant young Rus-
About Sereni, we also learn
from Prof. Delzell: "Emilio sian Jew who had become a
naturalized Italian and was a
Sereni had been ruminating
university instructor of Slavic
for some five years in Fascist
literature. Other participants
prisons. Momentarily emanci-
pated in the summer of 1943, were the economist Vittoria
Foa; the young chemist Renzo
Sereni was re-arrested after
Giva; the music critic Mas-
the September armistice and
simo Mila; professor of his-
cosigned to the Germans who,
tory Luigi Salvatorelli; pro-
fortunately for him, did not
fessor of literature Augusto
know his Jewish descent, so
that somehow he managed to Monti; and Mario Levi, son of
the scientist Giuseppe. Dur-
escape their execution list."
The Rossellis could not escape ing the spring of 1934 several
their fate as Jews at the hands members of the Jewish fami-
of the Nazis. Carlo, a wealthy lies in this ambient were ar-
young Florentine Jew, was in rested — anti-Semitism thus
contact with Prof. Salvemini becoming an apparent factor
and Alberto Tarchiani in Paris. for the first time in modern
They helped him escape from Italian h i s t or y. Dr. Carlo
Lipari, where he had been con- Levi, patron of the conspira-
fined since the 1928 Savona tors, was sent to confino in
trial. The Rossellis carried on Lucania at this juncture. In
their campaign against Mus- 1937 he was able to emigrate
solini, in newspaper articles and to France . . . finally return-
through their opposition party. ing to Italy in 1943."
A plot was hatched to assas- The introduction of anti-
sinate the two brilliant broth- Semitic measures in 1938 is
ers. Carlo had gone to Norman- alluded to, and the author
dy to recover his health and makes reference to arrests of
was joined at a resort by his more daring students of the op-
brother Nello. On June 9, 1937, position "and the inauguration
while driving in Carlo's Ford in 1938 of anti-Semitic decrees
along an isolated road, they which silenced Jewish student
were ambushed and pulled from writers."
Among the latter was Egenio
their car.
"They put up a furious CUriel, a Jewish student at the
struggle against their assail- University of Pavia, who wrote
ants before the latter's trench anti-Fascist editorials.
In a lengthy description of
ktiives butchered them. Two
days later their bodies were the anti-Semitic Fascist prac-
found. In Paris agonized cries tices, we are told that King
greeted the news. Indeed, Victor Emmanuel, Pope Pius XI
only the murder of Matteoti and Pope Pius XII condemned
in 1924 aroused as much in- - anti-Semitism; that Pope Pius
dignation among the opposi- XI made his famous declaration
tion as did the assassination to Belgian pilgrims that-"Spirit-
of the Rossellis. A crowd esti- ually we are Jews."
There is an impressive long
mated to be 200,000 strong
marched in the funeral pro- list of Jews who were dismissed
cession to Pere Lachaise from their university professor-
cemetery in Paris. Carlo's ships.
It finally came to a point
English-born wife, Marion,
and son John, and his mother when (Marshal Pietro) "Badog-

"
. THE HAND THE T HELD THE DAGGER HAS STRUCK IT
INTO
. THE BACK OF ITS NEIGHBOR". - Pres. Roosevelt
by BRESSLER

Are Mussolinis Plotting Blackshirt Rally?

ROMANO MUSSOLINI at the piano while conducting his
jazz band in Rome.

lio promised to inform leaders
of the Jewish community that
although the government did
not yet dare annul anti-Semitic
decrees because of the presence
of the Germans, it would not
enforce them." Nevertheless,
Jews were regarded as "for-
eigners . and enemies for the
duration of the war" under Mus-
solini's rule.
The Vatican is credited with
having helped the Jews meet
tax levies imposed upon them.
Many Jews were among those
condemned to death by the Ger-
mans when they ruled in Italy.
There were reprisals against
Jewish guerrilla captives. The
resistance finally issued a warn-
ing against the mistreatment of
imprisoned Jews.
It is evident from Prof. Del-
zell's account of the resistance
that Jews played a very great

and vital role in it.
Prof. Delzell's valuable book,

"Mussolini's Enemies," appro-
priately ends with the paean
that "in its finest moments the
democratic and liberal wing of
the anti-Fascist Resistance had
,sought to achieve national free-
dom in a free and interdepen-
dent world. a genuinely popular
government under the rule of
law, a secure defense of the

dignity of man, and a deeper
measure of social justice. In
guiding Italy a few steps nearer
to fulfillment of these aspira-
tions, the democratic anti-Fas-
cists' Second Risorgimento' con-
tributed substantially to the
political and moral education
of the Italian people—a contri-
bution that surely will gain in-
creasing recognition from the
vantage point of the future."
* * *
To the never-ending interest
in the Mussolini crimes has
been added in recent days - the
sensational announcement that
Maria Scicolone was to be mar-
ried to Benito Mussolini's sur-
viving son, Romano, who is 33
and a jazz pianist. The news
leaked when Maria's sister,
Sophia Loren, said she would
boycott her sister's wedding,
fearing the event may turn into
a Fascist rally. According to the
latest reports, which have upset
Sophia, Roman o' s mother,
Donna Rachelle Mussolini, and
his eldest sister, Countess Edna
Ciano, were said to be plotting
to turn Romano's wedding into
a right-wingers' blackshirt dem-
onstration. Sophia is said to
have asked her sister to have
her wedding solemnized outside
Italy in a small French town.

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of Rome prior to his activities
m the resistance movement. In
l942. tiereni was arrested by

Vi ite police in Nice and
handed over to an Italian mili-
tary tribunal which sentenced
him lo) 20 years' imprisonment
In
•ossano. He did not regain
his freedom until after the in-

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