State's Great Accomplishments In Education, Freedom of Press Governments and correspondents in countries throughout the world participate in providing information on human rights, incorporated in United Nations Yearbooks. This information has great and permanent value for students of world affairs—lawyers, writers, scholars • and librarians. All UN member natiGns are represented in "Yearbook on Human Rights for 1953" published for the UN by ColUmbia Uni- versity Press (2960 B'way, N.Y. 27). The major portion of this book is devoted to constitutional provisions, texts and summaries of national courts relating to human rights and statutory pro- visions. Then there are sections devoted to summaries of laws relating to trust territories, -human rights- in treaties and UN activities in the field of human rights. Especially interesting and important in this volume is the section on human rights in Israel in 1953, including the State Education Act and the judicial decisfon on Freedom of the Press. The Israel government-appointed correspondent who pro- vided the information for this section was •Shabtai Rosenne, Legal Adviser of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. He points out at the outset that the 5713-1953 Judges Act, regulating the position of the civil judicature in Israel, makes special pro- visions for the appointment of judges and an autonomous dis- ciplinary code guaranteeing "the independence of the judiciary by providing—a judge, in judicial matters, is subject to no authority other than that of the law." •, eep P e i ges and Assurances to Israel Dr. Emanuel Neumann, presi- dent of the Zionist Organization of America, expressed concern over the failure of the- just- concluded Bermuda conference between President Eisenhower . and British Prime Minister Mac- millan to produce ,anything "tangible" regarding the prob- lems of Gaza, Aqaba and the Suez Canal. He warned that. the U. S. and the UN are "courting another explosion" that may oc cur the moment President Nas- ser decides to re-assert bellig- erency toward , Israel. Dr. Israel Goldstein, president of the American JeWish Con- gress, told the rally that "if the situation in the Middle East is not rectified now, there is again danger of war." Louis Segal, secretary of the Farband-Labor Zionist Order, declared that the atmosphere in Israel today is "calm and more confident than the atmosphere that prevails in the U. S." SPRINGEL IS COMING BACK! Tiger Fans-get this Tiger-Autographed Rokeach Suggestion for Holiday Luncheon ASEBAL L B ANK The characteristic feature of the Education Act of that year is a system of decentralization with three trends: re- ligious (mizrachi), general and labor, with the extreme ortho- dox elements maintaining "their own . system which provided traditional Rabbinic-Talmudic education." * * * Mr. Rosenne states that the new act, read into the framework of compulsory education, provides for a unified state of education system on the basis of the curriculum prescribed by the Minister of Education and Culture, under government supervision, with- out attachment to party or communal body outside the govern- ment. He • outlines the object of the Education Act to be: "to base elementary education in the State on the values of Jewish culture and the achievements of science, on love of the homeland and loyalty to the State and the Jewish people, on practice in agricultural Work and handicraft, on pioneer train- ing, and on striving for a society built on freedom, equality, tolerance, mutual assistance, and love of mankind." Mr. Rosenne also outlines the regulations for adolescent Vocational training in the 1953 Apprenticeship Act. Until a person has reached the age of 18 he cannot be employed except as an apprentice until he has - received his trade qualification. He must attend an approved trade school, the employer allowing the necessary time for it. Similarly, the Youth Labor Act of 1953 proiides a code for further education governing young persons' employment. Employment of persons under 14 is forbidden and there are restrictive conditions on the employment of persons be- , tween 14 and 18. There are special requirements for their medical examinations. "An employable person is not to work more than eight hours a day and 40 hours a week; and on the day before and after the weekly day of rest or holiday, a youth's working day is not to exceed seven hours. The weekly rest day—of at least 36 hours' duration—is Saturday for a Jew, and Friday, Saturday or Sunday for a non-Jew; and if a youth is studying in a recognized educational establishment, his working day must terminate by 4 p.m. Night work, between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., is completely forbidden for children under the age of 16, and is restricted for other maths. All youths are entitled to 18 days' holiday per year." Mr. Rosenne calls the pagsing of the 1953 National Insurance Act "an epoch-making event." It provides a system of compulsory old age and survivors' insurance. The text of the 1953 State Education Act is incorporated in the Israel. Section in the "Yearbook for Human Rights." * * * • The Judicial Decision is a very revealing document. It deals with the annulment of a ruling suspending two Communist Party . organs, Kol Haam (Hebrew) and El 'Ittihad (Arabic). The de- cision by Judge Agranat is a most scholarly essay: The learned judge drew -upon comments of Judges Holmes, Brandeis and Frankfurter and many other American and British authorities. It is as much an essay on democracy as it is an important ruling on Freedom of the Press - and Conscience. It is a remark- able evaluation of Israel as a democratic State. Declaring that "the principle of freedom of expression is a principle most inti- mately connected with the democratic process," Judge Agranat stated: "Above all, democracy is a regime of consent. It is the opposite of a regime which rests on brute force. The democratic process, therefore, consists in _selecting the common objective of the people and the means of achieving it. It does this by way of exchange of views and debates,—i.e., by way of public dis- cussion of the problem facing the State, a discussion to be carried on in a free manner. In this mutual interchange' of ideas, which is conducted through the State's political institu- tions—such as the political parties, general elections, and parliament—what is called 'public opinion' has a vital role which it plays not only when the citizen goes to the polling booths, Mit at all times." * * * As in the great decisions of distinguished American jurists, Judge Agranat draws the distinction "between freedom and license." But in the main, his strong defense of freedom of speech and the press emerges as one of the great expressions of modern times on the vital subject. The Israel documents incorporated in the 1953 "Yearbook on Human Rights" thus add great value in the study of human rights and cultural values. 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Canada - S KOSHER FOR PASSOVER ,f71797 1W2 LS6I IFRIV ionis s ppea o NEW YORK_ (JTA)—Unless the United States and the United Nations keep the com- mitments they gave Israel to get her to withdraw from the .Gaza and Aqaba areas "the damage to the free world will be incal- cUlable," Mrs. Rose Halprin, act-_ ing' chairman of the American section of the Jewish Agency, told a rally sponsored by the American Zionist Council, Calling on President Eisen- hower to back up his pledge that if Egyptian President Nas- ser pursues belligerent tactics he would be delat with firmly, Mrs. Halprin pointed out that "to this very day, Nasser con- tinues to pursue the tactics of a belligerent and, in fact main- tains that Egypt is still in a state of war with Israel."