-,r01•14,1111.01/1.1111PIP,rw

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TE 2-8002.

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50—BUSINESS CARDS

ALL CITY
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L SCHWARTZ & CO. All types of
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A-1 PAINTING, _decorating. Reason-
able prices. Free estimates. VI.
2-1026, BR. 3-6271.

PAINTING—Exterior, interior, deco-
rating, wall washing. W. Williams,
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LARKINS MOVING and Delivery
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FOR BETTER wall washing call
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FURNITURE repaired and refinished.
Free estimates. WE. 3-2110.

STEEL RUBBISH DRUMS

$2.50
55 gal.
2.00
30 gal.
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Also Float and Oil Drums
FREE DELIVERY

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Phone KE 3-4870 — KE 1-1593

EXPERT Wall Washing and Painting,
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EXPERT PAINTING and wall wash-
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DRYERS vented and washers in-
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Built Up Asphalt Roofing,
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55—MISCELLANEOUS

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57—FOR SALE—HOUSEHOLD
GOODS AND FURNITURE

BLOND VARIETY store fixtures,
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BEAUTIFUL mahogany dining room
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Two New Hillel Centers
Planned in Britain, Holland
Hillel centers at Oxford Uni-
versity and the University of
Leeds in Britain, and at the
University of Delft in Holland,
will be established this year,
Bnai Brith announced.
There are now Hillel centers
on 207 campuses. Two of those
are now overseas, at the Uni-
versity of London and Hebrew
University of Jerusalem.

■

^.^.4.1,0•IFT 11,111.117,

Christian Scholar Describes Use of Fish, Wine and Bread as Symbols
Used by Jews During Greco-Roman Period in Ancient Mystic Observances

In the fifth and sixth volumes
of "Jewish Symbols in the
Greco-Roman Period," Prof. Er-
-win R. Goodenough continues
his extensive studies and deals
with Fish, Bread and Wine as
symbols of rites in Jewish tra-
ditions and mystic practices.
He had dealt, in the first
three volumes, with Jewish art,
and indicated that "Jews had
borrowed a vocabulary of pagan
symbols which they mingled
with their own symbols of me-
norah, shofar, and the rest in
such a way as to make it seem
inevitable that the pagan sym-
bols were as - meaningful for the
Jews who used them as were
the Jewish ones."
In those volumes he suggested

"that the borrowed symbols
showed the Jews to have been
deeply affected by the sort of
mystic and eschatological hope
which the same symbols indi-
cated for paganism and Chris-
tianity."
* * *
Reviewers, rabbis and schol-
ars did not entirely concur in
his views. Prof. Goodenough's
fourth volume was devoted to
an examination of what the
rabbis had to say on the sub-
ject of art. In his new volumes,
in which he proceeds with his
studies, he warns that "the sym-
bols, themselves largely bor-
rowed from mystic and funerary
hellenism in its latest forms,
will over again find their most

Israel's Leadership Among
New States, Function in UN
Structure, Told by Dr. Akzin

Israel's status in the United
Nations and the "problems con-
fronting new independent
States in their
relation with
i n t e rnational
organizati o n s,
as viewed from
the vantage
of political
science," a r e
outlined in
"N e w States
and Interna-
tional Organi-
zation s," by
D r. Benjamin
Akzin, pub-
lished by Dr. Akzin
UNESOD International Political
Science Organization and dis-
tributed in this country by Co-
lumbia University Press (2960
B'way, N.Y. 27).
Dr. M. R. Kidron, of Israel,
was invited by IPSA to be one
of the rapporteurs for this study.
Dr. Akzin commences with in-
teresting comments "on t h e
quality of newness," and points
out that "newness and age are
relative concepts."
Dealing with "the adopta-
tion of new States to interna-
tional life," the author states
that some older states are
"less active on. the interna-
tional level than are the
younger States of Israel, Pa-
kistan or the Philippines."
He adds: "Among the diplo-
matic leaders and representa-
tives of India, Israel, Lebanon,
Pakistan and the Philippines
one finds some of the most
skillful and even of the most
respected participants of the
international relations game
of this day."
This study lists the inter-gov-
ernmental organizations, outside
the UN, in which Israel and the
other new States held member-
ships.
On the question of participa-
tion by new States in Inter-
governmental organizations, Dr.
Akzin states:
"Reporting from Israel, one
of the smallest new States,
but relatively well equipped
with specialists i n various
fields, Mr. Kidron fully ad-
mits the desirability of send-
ing to international confer-
ences experts familiar with
the questions to be discussed
in addition to diplomatic rep-
resentatives nearest to the
spot. He adds, however, that
`due to the expense involved,
participation i n conferences
by representatives specially
sent from home is greater in
the case of conferences held
in Europe than those held in
other parts of the world'."
A long "Excerpt from the
Report on Israel" is included in
this section of participation.
Of equal interest is the ana-
lysis on participation of citi-
zens of new States in the work
of intergovernmental organiza-
tions.
Allocations of funds by var-
ious agencies and contributions
by States to international or-
ganizations also are listed.
Israel's historical background

is alluded to. The Arab-Israel
conflict is referred to in the
discussion of the question of
regional organizations. Dr.
Akzin points out:
"It is when problems of
✓ egional iiation are ap-
proached with an eye to the
political as well as to the
technical aspects i n v o lved,
that the greatest difficulties
arise. The most pronounced
instance of such difficulties to
date is the series of troubles
of the specialized agencies
which arose over the attempts
introduce regional organiza-
tion in the Near East in the
face of the Arab-Israel con-
flict. With the Arab States re-
fusing to sit in a regional
organization with Israel, to
admit Israeli representatives
to regional conferences held
in their territory, to come to
any conferences held on
Israeli soil; and even to sit
together with Israel in a re-
gional meeting wherever held,
with Israel protesting this pol-
icy of exclusion on the part
of Arab States and its tol-
eration on the part of the in-
ternational organizations, one
wonders whether regionaliza-
tion in that part of the world
has not created more head-
aches than it has solved."
The excerpt from the Israeli
report on regionalization is
among the enlightening portions
of this book.
The figures on newspaper
circulations show Israel's ad-
vanced position in the world,
and as a leader among the
new states.
There is an • excerpt from the
report on "public activity in
Israel on behalf of international
organizations," and another ex-
cerpt on "public attitude toward
international organization." The
latter reveals that "the vast ma-
jority of the informed Israel
public is socially democratic or
liberal in its political thinking
and thus tends to adopt a prog-
ressive and idealistic stand on
major international issues." The
report adds:
"This approach, which
draws its inspiration from
the ancient Hebrew prophets
no less than from modern
political philosophers, is ac-
companied, however, by a
general feeling that the truest
wisdom for Israel in these
first years of her independent
existence is to steer clear of
involvement in great power
conflicts where her ability to
influence the course of events
is small, and to concentrate on
the vast political, economic
and security problems which
are more than sufficient to
absorb the national energy."
The influence exercised by
the UN, the impact of interna-
tional organizations on develop-
ments in new states, the effects
of such impacts on economic
development in new states, are
interestingly analyzed in the
author's resume. This is a very
important study, revealing anew
the significance of the UN in
international relations.

congenial association with ideas
in hellenistic Jewish sources."
Dealing in detail with "crea-
tures of the sea," the referring
to "the general assumption that
the fish was a Christian sym-
bol," Prof. Goodenough asks:
"Were the sea monsters which
appear on the base of the me-
norah of the Arch of Titus the
work of Roman artists who
wanted to decorate the treasure
in their own way, or were such
creatures so early taken into
Judaism that they were actually
put upon the Temple menorah
by the Jews themselves?" He
declares that "the possibility of
their Jewish origin seems to me
not at all excluded."
Speaking of the Leviathan,
drawing upon scraps of liter-
ary evidence, Dr. Goodenough
relates the story told by Philo
"of a boy loved by a dolphin,
which died when the boy
died; so it's clear that hellen-
ized Jews were familiar with
this lore." He proceeds to
point out that "the 'rabbis'
are quoted in the Talmud as
follows: `Dolphins are fruitful
and multiply by coupling with
human beings. What are dol-
phins? — Said Rabbi Judah:
Humans of the Sea.' If even -
the rabbis had picked it up,
the erotic symbolism of the
dolphin must have been wide-
ly current indeed."
These are among the numer-
ous legends and quotations
about the Leviathan, the sym-
bolic values of fish in Judaism,
a duel between Leviathan and
Behemoth, fish as sacramental
food and as hope of immortality.
Similarly replete with legends
and extensive quotations is his
study of the symbolism of bread.
Dr. Goodenough suspects that
Jews "who read the Zohar al-
most as canonical writing ac-
tually have felt that their daily
table, especially their Sabbath
table, was one from which, by
the blessing of the bread and
wine, they got more than physi-
cal nourishment and that their
bread could and did for them
become the 'bread from
heaven'."
Discussing the subject of
wine, "the divine fluid," Dr.
Goodenough states that "the
symbols of wine are among the
earliest which we may be sure
the Jews were using."
Literary evidence of the early
Semites in Messopotamia, Syria
and Egypt are used to explain
and illustrate the use of wine in
sacrifices and in various bless-
ings. The symbolism of the di-

vine fluid in the Greco-Roman
period, its relevancy to Jewish
practices, are outlined in the
sixth volume. There, in the sec-
ond of the two books on the
subject of fish, bread and wine,
the author deals with "the di-
vine fluid in Greece," and wine
in Jewish cult and observance.
Philo Josephus' works and
zoharic Cabbalism in terms of
Philo are drawn upon for de-
velopment of the theme. Dr.
Goodenough also consulted Prof.
Julian Obermann who died in.
October. Legends, Jewish cult
and observance, are evaluated.
The illustrations in both vol-
umes add to an understanding
of the subject.
Similarity in Christian teach-
ings is indicated to show the
symbolism of fish, wine and
bread. As in Christianity, the
author maintains, "Jewish wine
symbols suggested immortality."
Were the Jewish symbols and
rites borrowed from their neigh-
bors? Dr. Goodenough suggests
two possibilities: "First that the
Jews who • borrowed the rites
did so originally only after
stripping the pagan rites of their
original mystic meaning, while
the later Jewish mystics put
mystical meaning in Jewish
terms back into the rites, and
so in a sense paganized them
anew." The motive? "Certainly
it was not merely a wine rite
the Jews wanted. So the alter-
native possibility is much more
attractive to me—that whoever
the Jews were who first carried
these rites over into Judaism,
they did so because they wanted
in Judaism a rite by which
they, like the pagans, could
share in divine life and through
it in immortality."
In the parallelism drawn in
his descriptions, Dr. .Goode-
nough states that "Christian
adaptations of these symbols as
they took them from Jews
shows a continuity of value."
The "hypothesis assumed by
previous workers in the field,"
the author adds, "is that the
early rabbis spoke for all of
Judaism and that since such a
fully sacramental bread, wine,
and fish are not taught by them,
the conception must have been
unknown . to all other Jews."
Prof. Goodenough, interestingly
enough rests his case by closing
his study with a drawing—The
Kiddush by Lionel S. Reiss—
"Made," he points out, "without
the slightest knowledge of my
theory," and his conclusion is:
"In adopting the rites and
symbols used by their neighbors
to express the gratification of
this longing, in turning the
Jewish FestiVals into eucharists,
By HARRY MAXMAN
in putting the wine and the cup
Israeli graves reach out to upon their synagogues and
graves, along with bread sym-
me . .
bols, I cannot think that the
O brothers, sisters!
Jews were so incredibly shallow
Your death is my danger.
that they observed the rites as
Your death is a signal.
mere forms, and used for 'mere
O brave fighters,
ornament' symbols which meant
And you too, little children.
the deepest hope of .life to their
And aged fathers, mothers.
neighbors. Indeed, when a Jew,
You are dead.
even today, lets himself go to
But not the reason, not the represent the kiddush, for ex-
cause
ample, he instinctively depicts
For which you died.
not an `observance' but a deeply
My throat is dry and parched ... moving rite." — P.S.
by Ballinger Series, 140
My anguish is molded into my E. (Published
62nd, NY 21, Dr. Goodenough's
will.
"Fish, Bread and Wine" volumes are
distributed by Pantheon Books, 333
I now outgrow the shack
6th, NY 14.)
Of shameless injustice and bru-
tality.
Edison Elects Spencer
I outgrow the callousness of
as New Treasurer
sympathy
Staring on the sidelines offering - Edward M. Spencer has been
elected treasurer of Detroit Edi-
barbiturates.
I outgrow the casual tone, the son, succeeding Stewart L. Fer-
guson who will retire March 1.
throne
Phillip D. French was named
Of all my former gratuities.
I now think of living Israel, assistant treasurer.
In another announcement, De-
inchoate
And fertile with promise and troit Edison advised that a total
of $18,900,000 in taxes is being
hope
turned over to cities, villages.
For all men everywhere.
and townships in Southeastern.
I run my hands across my fore- Michigan.
head,
Anthony G. Maihofer, of Edi-
Close tight my fingers,
son's tax department, said that
Not in hate, not in rage . . .
even though "taxes must be in-
In resolve that justice be tri- cluded as part of the rates of
umphant.
exchange we charge, our cus-
. . . In faithfulness to Israel tomer actually gets more elec-
our mother
tricity for his money than he
did 20 years ago."
Crying for our love.

I Pledge You