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PIE VETROFFJEWISii RONICIL
PAGE EIGHT
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PHARISEE EMERGEES
GOLUB CONCLUDES
AS PROGENITOR OF
HOSPITAL SURVEY
OUR CIVILIZATION
geons had 242 patients; 26 gynecol-
ogists and obstetricians had 120
patients; 29 internists had 108 pa-
tients; 17 pediatricians had 43
patients; and 97 general practi-
tioners had 320 patients, most of
whom were probably maternity
patients.
"It would seem, therefore, that
a Jewish hospital of 120 to 200
beds, largely staffed by Jewish phy-
sicians, would have no difficulty in
filling its beds, suitably distributed
among private, semi-private and
ward bed accommodations."
y
funds.
THE GOOD ROADS AlAINDATENT
Three hunched Detroit Jewish
physicians furnished Dr. Golub
with information as to the extent
of their Jewish and non-Jewish
practice. Thirteen reported hav-
ing no Jewish patients; 83 had
under 6 per cent; 29 had 6 per
cent to 10 per cent; 27 had 11
per cent to 20 per cent; 24 had
21 per cent to 30 per cent; 21 had
31 per cent rte 40 per cent; and
50 had 41 per cent to 50 per cent.
"It is an interesting fact, but un-
derstandable," observes Dr. Golub,
"that 247 physicians, or 82.4 per
cent of the 300 report practices
that vary from nothing to no more
than 50 per cent of Jewish patients,
and only 53 physicians, or 17.6
per cent of the total, have Jewish
practices higher than 50 per cent.
This fact is understandable for
the reason that the city of Detroit
has about 71,000 Jewish people, or
only about 206 Jewish persons per
physician, as against the general
Detroit ratio of 676 persons per
physician.
"As is found to be the case in
all communities, a large number
of Jews are patients of non-Jewish
physicians. Naturally, this fact
reduces still further the ratio of
Jewish population to Jewish phy-
sicians. This condition is offset,
however, by the fact that many
nonJewa become patients of Jew-
ish physicians. Such a free choice
of physician is commendable and
typical of the American non-sec-
tarian spirit. Then also, many
Jewish physicians practice in
neighborhoods where the residents
are largely non-Jewish, and build
up practices among their neighbors.
Maintenance Costs
scholar. Even more bitterly did
he resent multitudinous Interpre-
tations of the laws of cleanliness
easily observable by the city
(CONCLUDED FROM PAGE ONE)
Pharisee, but difficult if not im-
litical influences which gave rise possible for the countryman to
to a sect whose followers today keep.
include more than half the popu-
Fundamental Ideals Survive
lation of the world. Judaism,
Despite these differences it is
Christianity and Mohammedanism
all stem, in their main beliefs, amazing how the fundamental
from Pharisaism. Nor does this ideas which wgre born of the
apply only to the devout. Wher- struggle of the Pharisees against
ever there are men who believe the Sadducees ultimately persist.
in the doctrines of liberty, equal- ed in both Judaism and Chris-
ity and freedom of thought; tianity and to what an extent
wherever men treasure learning they have moulded the political,
more than much fine gold, there social and religious doctrines of
also are to be found descendants the Western World.
of the Pharisees.
Among them are the doctrine
of the equality of all men be-
The Oxford Definition
How does this jibe with the fore God; the principle of the
Oxford English Dictionary's def- equality of the sexes; a belief in
inition of "Pharisee" as • "self- resurrection and immortality, and
righteous person, a formalist, a the doctrine of returning good
for evil. These are ideas which,
hypocrite?"
though they antedate Christian.
Turn in this great dictionary ity, were almost negligible in
to the word "Puritan," and you early parts of the Bible, written
will find that almost exactly the before the spiritual upheaval
same epithets have been coupled that produced the Pharisees.
with that sect which, more than Also among the doctrines that
a millenium later. re-enacted the were primarily Pharisaic are
Pharisaic drama both spiritually many which have tended to re-
and politically. It is the story of cur in Christianity when a re-
humble tradesmen and artisans surgence of faith or a revolt
asserting their rights of faith and against pomp and circumstance
opinion against the power of the has broken out among the poor
established hierarchy and the and humble. Thus we find in
aristocracy.
Pharisee, medieval monk and
How was it then that so bitter Puritan alike, a devotion to sim-
a cleavage developed between ple forms of worship, a zeal for
the Pharisees and the early Chris- the spread of religion and a de-
tians of Galilee? Both were poor, votion to learning as a means by
both were democratic in their as-
pirations, both put the things of
the spirit above the thihgs of the
flesh, both sought a kingdom not
of this world. both had the
strength to persist and grow de-
spite bitter persecution, both
were Jews. Nor Is the basis of
their divergence to be found pri-
marily in the Messianic question .
The Pharisees themselves, and
'or centuries their successors.
rave ready car to any Messianic
lope. The original causes went
'urther back. Dr. Finkelstein
thews that basis of their differ-
Inces rose from the poor of the
-ity-the first Christians from
he poor of the Galilean country-
side. Therein lay the primary
souse for their divergent opin-
ions with regard to observance
of the Mosaic Law-the rock on
which they split.
By tradition they were both or
the same side of a struggle
which had been going on ever
since the children of Israel
,merged from the wilderness to
inherit the Land of Canaan.
In describing the conflict which
- rave rise to both sects Dr. Fin-
telstein writes:
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lilt 11 COOS 1.
LIN
S
Summary of Estimates
"Based on the above calculations
the estimated income of a 120-bed
hospital, with 70 to 75 per cent
bed occupancy," concludes Dr.
Golub, "would be $171,925.00 per
year, and expenditures would be
$190,650.00 per year. The annual
maintenance deficit would be $18,-
725.00.
For a hospital of 200
beds, the annual income would be
$264,625.00 and the annual expen-
ditures $314,740.00, leaving a defi-
cit of $55,115.00. The relatively
high number of ward beds in the
200-bed hospital would create the
relatively higher deficit than the
one for a 120-bed hospital.
"In the event that the cost of
maintaining a patient for a day
should be higher than the average
of $6.00, then, of course, the defi-
cit would be correspondingly high-
er. For example, should the cost
be $6.50 per day, then the 31,-
755 patient days a year for the
120 bed hospital would cost $15,-
877.50 more, bringing about a defi-
cit of $34, 602.50.. The deficit for
a 200-bed hospital would rise in
the same proportion. Then, also,
should the bed occupancy fall be-
low the expected 70 to 75 per cent,
the income would be lower and the
deficit higher.
"These estimates of maintenance
expenditures exclude costs of capi-
tal indebtedness. As a principle,
it Is strongly advised that a Jewish
hospital, or any hospital should
not be built with borrowed money.
If, however, a hospital is built
with some borrowed money, then
the interest charges on such
money would correspondingly in-
crease the deficit.
Period of Adjustment
"It should be remembered, also
that a new hospital requires a
period of from one to three years
for organization, budgetary and
.bed utilization adjustments. Dar -
ing that period, the income might
be lower and expenditures higher.
These contingmelee should be con-
which the poor may become su-
perior to the rich. Dr. Finkel-
stein's book is a further develop-
ment of the field opened up by
It. T. flerford, Abraham Geiger,
Julius Wellhausen, Solomon
Schechter and George 'Foot
Moore, who developed the mod-
ern technique of interpreting
Pharisaism in the light of its own
literature. Dr. Finkelstein, how-
ever, may be said to have at-
tempted a comprehensive survey
of the economic, social' and po-
litical factors which gave rise to
the sect. His work, although
primarily intended for the schol-
ar, should also provide ample ma-
terial for those who labor to in-
crease better understanding be-
tween both the Jewish and the
Christian descendants of the
Pharisees.
The Pharisees is published in
two volumes, containing a total
of 828 pages. Each volume re-
tails for $2.50 and these books
are available on membership of
the Jewish Publication Society.
A membership in the Society
costs as little as $5 per year.
Full information on the member-
ship plan, catalog, etc., are avail-
able by writing to the executive
secretary, Maurice Jacobs, 225
S. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa,
Hear Dr. Henry H. Crane of
Central Methodist Church at the
rally in defense of Jewish rights
in Palestine at Cass High School,
Sunday afternoon.
"AL CHET" OPENS AT OMAN'S
SCENE FROM
The much-heralded Yiddish
talking picture "Al Chet," ("I
Have Sinned") which was pro-
duced by an outstanding cast in
Poland and which has English ex-
planatory titles. is now showing
at Littman's Yiddish Theater,
12th and Seward.
A humane story of Jewish life
in Poland, marked by a combina-
tion of drama, comedy and songs,
this story deals with a Jewish
Jr. Group, Jewish Home for
Age to Have "Profes-
sor wiz Night" Tuesday
"Professor Quiz N ight" will be
the feature of the open social
meeting of the Junior Group of
Jewlsh Home for the Aged at
the home of William Glickman,
1701 Burlingame, Oct. 25, at
8:30 p. m. Jewish young people
are invited by the president Ro-
delle Broder.
Dr. Alex Manke, 'cellist, was
the guest musician at the first
open meeting of the Junior
Group. Miss Bessie Feldman was
his accompanist. The speaker of
the evening was L. L. Aronson
of the Detroit News. whose topic
was "The Modern Nobility."
Election of officers was held
at a special session at the home
of Esther Levy, last Tuesday eve-
ning.
The Juniors are aiding the
Women's Auxiliary in the sale
"Al. CHET'
of tickets for the bingo party
on Oct. 30. Mrs. David Kliger,
daughter, Esther, who falls in sponsor of the Junior Group, is
love with an officer in Poland in charge of the affair.
during the war. Her sin becomes
the gossip of town topic. Her daughter and father. Her daugh-
sweetheart is killed at the front. ter. Rachel, falls in love with a
musician, while she becomes in-
Then, in despair, after bearing
terested in his talent and offers
a child, she abandons it at the to take him, to America. In the
door of her devoted friends at meantime, her two friends go
the Cheder. Her two friends take back to the Orphanage and
the child to an Orphan Asylum. through their efforts she locates
Twenty years later she returns her daughter. Mother, daughter
to Warshaw in search of her and father become re-united.
citNE I '5
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"Broadly speaking," continues
Dr. Golub, "a hospital under Jew-
ish auspices is not different, in any
way, from any other hospital. Jew-
ish hospitals throughout the coun-
try are, of course, primarily for
Jewish patients, yet most of the
Jewish hospitals have a first-come,
first-served policy.
'The religious groups of the
"The main thesis emerging out o'
patients of any hospital depend
I Ills analysis Is (hat the prophetic.
upon the religion of the majority Pharisaic and rabbinic traditions were
of the doctors connected with it, 'he products of • persistent conned
carried on In Palestine for 15
and the religion of their patients. battle
centurlm between the submerged, on-
In most of the Jewish hospitals
,74td ftZMn:Z,
the
throughout the country, more than ' primitive
oppoidtion of
50 per cent of the patients are
shepherd and the settled
farmer
1h
Jewish. In a number of Jewish the struggle developed Into a new ar-
raignment of the amall peasaprospe
nt of the
hospitals, 80 per cent to 90 per highland outlast the more rs,.
farmer of the entity*nod
a
the plains.
cent of the patients are Jewish.
From the province th e conflict was
"Judging from the character of transferred to the Miles, when It
vesabnce of the trnden
the practices of Jewish, physicians
"P7rtittn:
wol
111 Detroit, it would seem that a .malty
It appeared In the Nanctuory
hospital under Jewish auspices Itself In the bitter rivalry between la,
would have Jewish and non-Jew- elle and print."
The natural enemy of both
ish patients in its various types of
had accommodations, and would be, Pharisee and the first Christians
was
the Sadducee - representa-
in reality, non-sectarian in service
tive of the rich and powerful,
to the community."
monopolizer
of the prerequisites
Jewish and Non-Jewish Patients
"As hazardcus as calculating of the priesthood, partisan of
the costa of construction," main- the Roman conqueror, imitator
tains Dr. Golub, (Detroit Jewish of Hellenistic culture, lover of
Chronicle, Oct 14), "is the at- soft living.
Everything that the Sadducee
tempt at estimating in 1938, in-
come, expenditures, and probable stood for was hated both by
Pharisee
and follower of Christ.
maintenance deficit for a hospital
that may not be in operation until To understand why the Galilean
Christian so often found himself
1910 or later.
"The income of a hospital de- allied with his natural enemy, the
pends on the rates charged and Sadducee, against his natural
the percentage of bed occupancy. friend, the Pharisee, one must
The expenditures depend on stan- remember that the religion of
dards of service, economy of op- the Jew 1,900 years ago, as to-
eration, and the character of the day, was not only a faith but a
physical facilities and equipment. way of life.
The way of life of the poor
In estimating the probable in.
come and expenditures of a new man of the city, in accordance
with
which he interpreted The
hospital, the following three gen-
Law, was not the way of life of
eral principles were applied:
the Galilean peasant. In a hun-
pe
111 tho daily
semi- dred ways, as Dr. Finkelstein
rlra e
ed utill ti
private hefts woo ronsIderecl at MI
per rent and used bed. at 75 per shows, an interpretation of The
tent;
Law which conflicted with the
it) the average 0.11y !acorn, Including
the rate for room, board, floor nurs- life of the poor city dweller was
ing and extra charges, such as x-rar. antagonistic to the farmer.
hthoratory, &mks! OPerating room
'The disciples of Christ idly
PTV; ;;L;‘;• 7ZierriVI,P;rj.041"pe:. plucking and eating grain as they
nay. foe • semi-private patient at walked on the Sabbath brought
$7.00 per day, for ward patients at
a sharp rebuke from the city-
$3.00 per day;
13) the ealculations of expenditures were bred Pharisee. The ignorant
eonsidered on the bads of tho ea-
limatedaverage daily coot for all countryman also resented the
of patients, private, aeml- erudition of the ragged city
Gide and ward. The estimate of
.00 as the per diem cost Is shout
the average for most of the 1,0004-
tate with high standards.
LOCRARPT II ORM WOKS CO. RITIOtio
October 21, 1938
and THE LEGAL CHRONICLE
eighrielal
sidered from the standpoint of ex-
pecting higher deficits for these
formative. years, and provisions
should be made to meet them."
Estimated cost of maintenance,
as given above, relates to costs
after and not during the organiza-
tion period. The regular cost of
maintenance, after organization
has been completed, is estimated
by Dr. Golub at $55,000. Harry
L. Lurie, under whose direction
the financial aspects of the Jewish
hospital questions were studied for
the survey, states in his report,
"This figure of $55,000, we may
consider as the immediate annual
mantenance figure even in the
first stage of the project, since
the mg of maintaining a 120-bed
hospital would be likely to ap-
proximate or exceed this figure in
the first years of operation. The
amount of $55,000 is thus the im.
mediate annual maintenance prob-
lem with which the community
must concern itself." '
This installment completes the
serial publication in The Detroit
Jewish Chronicle of Dr. Golub's
portion of the Jewish Hospital Sur-
vey. Director of the Hospital for
Joint Diseases, New York City,
Pr. Golub was appointed to in.
vestigate the need for a Detroit
Jewish hospital by the Council of
Jewish Federations and Welfare
Funds, the organization which con-
ducted the survey. Next week a
summary of Dr. Golub's conclusions
will be published together with an
outline of Mr. Ltirie's report on
the financial status of existing
agencies, the financial ability and
readiness of Detroit'a Jewish com-
munity to erect and maintain a
hospital, and the effect of such an
effort on present communal ac.
tivities. Mr. Lurie Is the execu-
tive director of the Council of
Jewish Federations and Welfare
Funds. His study completes the
two-part Jewish Hospital Survey,
which was undertaken at the re-
quest of the Jewish Welfare Feder-
ation.
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