5 cwisk PerioScal Cotter CLIFTON AMU' • CINCINNATI 30, OHIO 7 Ekiloarallasif6Rmyvian September 3, 1937 cod THE LEGAL CHRONICLE NOV • NELSON TANNING CORP. ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS NOBLE BUICK CO. Greetings from Bay City, Mich. The Constitution, Bulwark of Religious Freedom in America: On the Occasion of the 150th Birthday of the Constitution Rosh Hashonah Greetings and Best Wishes to.AII Jewry PHONE 22.811 MUSKEGON, MICII. A HAPPY AND JOYOUS HOLIDAY • L. L. WILLIAMS ROOFING CO. WM. TARDIF, Manager 1301 WILLIAMS PHONE 22.869 MUSKEGON, MICH. ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS • ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS ARROW CARTAGE CO. NAPH•SOL REFINING COMPANY Theendment which actiamntera freedom of religion In the American Coned- lotion "Me retitled only four yenro after the conothatIon woo adopted by the l'hIludrIphin convention of IIA7. In this mil•.. Horner.' rental totes the sarlou. sletw through which rrllgluna Poen, aro Itnprognebly fasten to the founeoork of the Conotitution. IIENRY DYKEMA THE MART PHONE 23013 MUSKEGON, MICH, ROSII HASHONAH GREETINGS MUSKEGON, MICH. P. J. CONNELL CO. BUILDERS' SUPPLIES 742 WATER STREET ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS When the fifty-five men who were destined to become the Joint authors of the Constitution of the United States convened in Inde- pendence Hell, Philadelphia, on May 14, 1787, to fashion the docu- ment which was to he adopted on Sept. 17, there were only two states — New York and Virginia — whose laws did not contain either some form of discriminp- tory religious test for public a- fire or give a legal preference to some religious sect or sects, includ- ing, in some instances, even ex- press establishment of some de- nomination. New Hampshire, Con- necticut, New Jersey, Georgia and both Carolinas insisted on Protest- antism. Delaware and Maryland were content with Christianity. Four required assent to the divine inspiration of the Old and New Testaments. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, hfary- land and South Carolina adhered to religious establishments. In short, the country was far from recognizing absolute religious liberty in its statute books or in PHONE 22.034 MUSKEGON, MICH. QUALITY BEVERAGE CO. ROSII IIASIIONAH GREETINGS WALTER C. MASON MUSKEGON, MICH . 27 - 29 WEBSTER AVENUE MUSKEGON, MICII. NIUSKEGON, MICH. ,m HT WISHES TO ALT. FORTIER MOTOR SALES C.O. ROSH IIASIIONAII GREETINGS Sale. and Service 1165 Third DIAL 25.363 MUSKEGON, MICII. • SEARS. , ROEBUCK & CO. • Phone 23.407 MUSKEGON, MICH. 979 PINE A HAPPY NEW YEAR Broadway Pharmacy A HAPPY AND JOYOUS HOLIDAY L. B. Grover, Prop. MAIHOFER MOORE & DE LONG 101 W. BROADWAY . CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS 315 HACKLEY BLDG. DIAL 22.176 Phone 32.357 MUSKEGON, MICII, REST WISHER Ti) ALL ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS CLARK & FRIELING TASTY HOME BAKERY MASON CONTRACTORS CONCRETE AND BRICK WORK WILLIAM SIERADZKI, Proprietor 169 E. IONA SNOWHITE BAKING CO. 318 APPLE MUSKEGON, MICH. DIAL 25.331 MUSKEGON, MICH. 839 TERRACE MUSKEGON; MICH. ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS Muskegon Auto Top & Body Co. See Furniture Co. 40 E. CLAY OTTAWA & EASTERN America's Constitution On Religious Liberty . . . All officers, both of the A V, SMITH. Prop. United States ■ nd the States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. —Article VI, Clause 3 of the Constitution. . . . Congress shall make no law respecting an establis6 monk of religiou, or prohibit. inf the free exercise thereof. —First Amendment to th• Constitution. 565 W. WESTERN Phone 25.910 HARRY WOODARD MUSKEGON. MICH. PHONE 23.060 MUSKEGON, MICH. MUSKEGON, MICH. Sincere lloild•y Greeting,. ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS A HAPPY AND JOYOUS HOLIDAY F. E. CUNNINGHAM Agent WEST MICHIGAN SIGN CORP. DIVISION STREET GREENHOUSE RAILWAY EXPRESS AGENCY Exclusive Manufacturers of NEON TUBES AND NEON SIGNS Signs of All Kinds PHONE 245478 826 NORTH FIRST ST. MUSKEGON, MICH. S. A. NELSON Goodrich and Western 1688 DIVISION MUSKEGON, MICH. ' ROSH HASIIONAll GREETINGS OCCIDENTAL HOTEL NORD HOTEL • BENJ. NORD, Proprietor EDWARD R. SWETT, Mgr. 350 ROOMS—LARGE CAFETERIA AND DINING ROOM CLYDE HENDRICK Real Estate and General Insurance 222 DANIGELIS BLDG. Muskegon Heights, Stich. ntsr ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS J. 0. MATTESON VICE-PRESIDENT IN CHARGE OF MANUFACTURING Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co. ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS Quality Aluminum Casting Co. WHINES Tit A1.1. HOUSTON AVENUE GARAGE (PLEASE TURN TO PANE TEN) Hest Wish.. for a 'Hippy Now Year Holiday Greetings to You 7th & Houston Phone 23.450 THE KOLAT NASH MOTORS, Inc. 612 Adam. St. Phan. 3081 I 1,Orig A ROSH HASHONAH GREETINGS ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS MUSKEGON PAPER BOX CO. COSTON MOTOR CO. E. J. BENTON, Pres. Manufacturers FOLDING & SET UP PAPER BOXES PHONE 25-455 M. L. COSTON, Pres. PONTIAC SALES & SERVICE —GENERAL MOTORS TRUCKS users NEW YEAR 1 • CLOSE ELECTRIC CO. RALPH 11 fly wy, 1043 PECK Phon• 23.378 MUSKEGON. MICH. 258 MARKET STREET—MUSKEGON, MICH. 1202 PECK—MUSKEGON HEIGHTS, MICH. MUSKEGON, MICH. • HAY CITY. MICH. NORTH SHORE GARAGE W. E. HUNTOON, JR. N. MUSK ST. A Harm,' New Year Dr. Herbert Karol Chiropodist—Foot Specialist 327 Shearer Ride. Phone 1071/ HAY CITT, MICH. Ofrios hours. I A M to t P . IL and by Appointment Phone 513394 MUSKEGON, MICH. ROSH HASI!ONAH GREETINGS SWANSON BROS. GARAGE Phone 23045 Muskegon, Mich. Year to Our Jewish Friends KUHLMAN ELECTRIC FACTORY GREENWALD'S LAUNDRY Since 1893 713 Adams Street Phese 115 Phone 1857 BAY CRY, MICII. CITY, MICH. GREETINGS New Year's Greetings to AU Our Jewish Friends and Patron* Nitschky Electric Co. CLAPP BROS. General Electric Contractors Dry Cleaners 307 TRUMBULL AVE. 607 Washington Ave. Phone 455 Phone 598 BAY CITY, MICII. EDW. S. CARLING, President • CATAWBA & CHESTNUT PHONE 23838 A IIAPI'Y A HAPPY NEW TEAR UNIVERSAL PRINTING CO. Wm. nu. Commercial and Job Printing 1103 SMITH Plion• 1250-R BAY CITY, MICH. sincere Muskegon, a r T fiG il G Building Contractor ► --Manufacturers of Special Millwork 515 SIXTH PHONE 22198 Muskegon, Mick. HASHONAHiiREETI TWISS GARAGE FACTORY SUPPLY CO. ROSH GENERAL AUTO REPAIRING 1185 MARQUETTE noise 255267 Musloegeo, Mick. L. E. PICKLE, Pres. 942 TERRACE ST. PHONE 23751 MUSKEGON, MICH. ■•■ ••••. AU Borrow Window Shade Works Pilots. 874 BAY Crrr, Mien. Mae 1/140 now TZAR MORA/ PEGELL. Prep. WELDING Autyltnee • Gat....- '- Portable Welding Equiposest -All that Hill IM/01. impl ✓ r Ell.etrie . 507 — Seel St neon 115141 BAY CITY, MIE..1. CITY, MICH. 510 FRAZER 201 Coveter WELD-RITE CO. Phone 1898 New Tear's Meetings to Jewl•h rriendit A HAPPY NEW YEAR Han•burge• and Hot Deg. Our Specialty Open Day and Night A HAPPY liodilal GirriiIito MUSKEGON, MICH. ADRI A N CAWS, PITHY. The Friendly Place to Meet BAY CRT, MICH. Wenonah Flourin g Mills BAY NEW TEAR Red Lion Lunch IIASIIONAH G MUSKEGON BUILDING MATERIALS CO. 9 E. CLAY SPENCER CORSETERIE Fitting Men, Women and Children for Style and Support MUSKEGON, MICII. JOHN R. MULLEN, Manager JERSEY ICE CREAM CO. MRS. HATTIE LAFFERTY PHONE 41235 1A HAPPY AND JOYOUS HOLIDAY 3 ROSII HASIIONAll GREETINGS AND BEST WISHES 2130 BOURDEN A Happy and Prosperous New FRANCIS E. PEIJ.ETIER, A HAPPY NEW YEAR ROSH HASHONAH GREETINGS ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS . . . BAY CITY, MICH. General Auto Repairing MUSKEGON HEIGHTS, MICH. MUSKEGON, MICH. 997 W. WESTERN AVENUE Al though this Article was adopted on Aug. 30, eight days later, on Sept. 7, the convention received a curious letter on the subject of religious liberty from Jonas Phillips, a prominent Phila- delphia Jew, who was the uncle of Mordecai M. Noah. In this let- ter Phillips protested against the Pennsylvania religious test law which forbade a Jew to hold pub- lic office unless he acknowledged the divine inspiration of both the Old and the New Testament, and urged the convention to take steps to alter the law. Since this letter was the only document of MUSKEGON, MICH. MUSKEGON, MICH. ST. LAURENT BROS., INC. MUSKENON, MICH DIAL 23.529 A HAPPY NEW YEAR ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS • It was Charles Pinckney o f South Carolina (the man whom contemporary anti-Semites credi t with having taken secret notes o f Benjamin Franklin's mythical an - ti-Semitic speech at the conven- 816 N. Water St. Phone 1834 tion) who first raised the ques- 1 tion of religious liberty at the con- BAY CITY, MICII. vention) who first raised the question of religious liberty at the convention, On May 29, two weeks • after the delegates met, he laid before them a proposd draft of a constitution, Article 6, clause 24 of Rosh Hashonah Greetings and Best Wishes to All Jewry which provided that the legisla- ture of the United States shall pass no law on the subject of re- ligion. When Pinckney's draft failed to win approval the subject of religious liberty was forgot- ten temporarily, although Alexan- der Hamilton, in his proposed con- stitution, had also Incorporated a rather comprehensive religious liberty provision. First and Washington Ave. The question was not raised Phone 219 again until Aug. 20, when dur- BAY CITY, MICII. ing the discussion on Article 6, clause 3, dealing with an oath for public officers to support the Con- stitution, Pinckney urged an amendment that "no religious test Rosh Hashonah Greetings and Best Wishes to All Jewry or qualification shall ever be an- nexed to any office under the United States." Nothing came of this proposal until Aug. 30. On Manufacturers of that day clause 3 of Article 6 came Sleepwell Brand Matt , Box Springs, Pillows, Bedspring. up for a final vote, and Pinckney Studio Couches moved to add to the Article the 1204.14 NORTH MADISON PHONE 2453 words: "But no religious test shall Branch: ARCADE BLDG., MIDLAND, MICH. ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under BAY CITY, MICH. the authority of the United States." In urging approval of his amendment, the South Carolinian told the convention that it was "a A Happy New Year provision the world will expect TILE SEASON'S from you In the establishment of GREETINGS .. . a system founded on republican principles and In an age so liberal and enlightened as the present." There was virtually no debate on or opposition to the amendment, al- though Roger Sherman of Connec- ticut argued that it was unneces- Cream Brand Peanut But- sary, "the prevailing liberality be- ter. Famous Salted ing a sufficient security against Peanuts such tests." It was approved unani- 1012 Lafayette Ave. mously, however, with only one slight change, the word"authority" 1101 N. Water Street Phone 327 being expunged. Among those who supported the motion were Gov- Phone 928 ernor Morris of New York and BAY CITY, MICII. BAY CRY, MICH. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, who had been the leaders in the fight for religious liberty in their own states. PARK HOTEL MUSKEGON ROOFING CO. ROSH IIASIIONAII GREETINGS AND BEST WISHES Religious Liberty Provision A HAPPY NEW YEAR ROSII HASHONAII GREETINGS BAY CITY, MICH. LEWIS Manufacturing Company MUSKEGON 11E101ITS, MICH MUSKEGON, MICH. PHONE 2068 LEVINE MATTRESS MFG. CO . STUDEBAKER NEWKIRK ELECTRIC CO. ROSH HASHONAH GREETINGS COAL CO. BUICK SALES IACNED Drink Muskegon Maid Old Fashioned ROOT BEER Machine Tool & Engineering Co. practice. Under the circumstances i t would have been natural to expec r that the delegates representin r these various states would hardl have been of one mind on the ques tion of religious freedom. It is fact, however, and one that is t often ignored in histories of th Constitution, that the framers o f that document heatedly debate s virtually all clauses and article I of the Constitution except tha t which provides for religiou liberty. Garber Buick Co. Sincere Holiday Orerlinge West Michigan Dock and Market Corporation • Itl/DLA..1. Utitit (Copyright, 1917, Seven Arts Feature Syndicate) B. C. NELSON, Pres, MUSKEGON, MICII. • By BERNARD POSTAL BUICK — SALES AND SERVICE 496 W. WESTERN angels Religions Liberty Happy New Year to You All from Muskegon, Michigan ROSH HASHONAII GREETINGS PAGE NINE .11111111 ■1■' MY New Tear's Greetings from the Seidel Creamery Co. m..f.t., of VA BRO BUTTER 403 East .1a1m St. Pk BAY CITY, MICH. $55 1