41.1111
■
Ii'
etumiyizi=smimptimytlyiyouvimlymmi yfot4
EmbenizonjEwun et MOUE campaigns of the now defunct Dearborn
7hEy)entonr EMS fi ffiRONICLIS
"
Published W..kly by The Jewish Chrookle Publiahins Co, lac
Littered .. Second-el.. matter ll•reh I. 1916. at the Poet.
ogles at Detroit. Mich., under the At
March II, 1579.
of
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525 Woodward Avenue
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The Detroit Jewith Chronicle Ind.. eorretwoodenee on tub-
leers of Intermit, tr the Jowl.h people, but disclaim, respond-
Witty for an lodorsonont of the itlew•
t,..e or the write.
•
Sabb •th Readings of the Torah.
Pentateucha I portion—Gen, 1:1-6:8.
Prophetical portion—ls. 42:5-43:10.
Roosh Chodesl
Cheswan Readings of the Torah.
Sunday and Monday, Pentateuchal portion, Num.
28:1-15.
October 9, 1931
Tishri 28, 5692
Thl use Embers of Hate.
Meet the proverbial "kicker:" now he
objects to 0 ur attitude on the question of
Jews in crin le and on the manner in which
the Jewish name has been abused in the
daily press by being linked with criminal
acts. This f ellow has two objections to our
attitude. If the first place, he believes
that we taki a matters too seriously on the
crime questi on, and he reminds us that in
spite of the r ecent Detroit outrage the num-
bee of Jewisl criminals is no much less than
our proporth ovate population numbers that
Jews have reason to feel proud of their
Yo
records. In the second place, he makes
light of the i amphasis we place on the dan-
gees of the e Tread of anti-Semitism result-
ing from the linking of the terms "Jewish-
looking" an d "Little Jewish Navy" with
criminal act s. Once these criminals are
punished, ou u r correspondent believes, the
incidents wil 1 be forgotten.
We procee d to answer our good friend in
the order in which he takes us to task, and
we reply to 1 his first criticism with a story.
It is told in t he folklore of our people that
when a shin ing Jew appeared before the
bar of the A !mighty for final judgment he
was elated to hear of sinners who preceed-
ed him being ; treated mercifully and pun-
ished with I ight sentences for their mis-
deeds. But his anticipation of a similar
light punish r nent did not materialize, and
when he exp ressed surprise over the sever-
ity of the ju( lgment against him, and Pro-
tested agains t being doubly taxed in corn-
parison with even greater sinners than he
was on Null' 1, he was informed from the
seat of Almig 'hty Judgement: "The others
sinned chief13 r against themselves, debasing
their own soi ale. But thou, the Jew, hast
sinned agains t thy people as well as against
thyself. The sinning of the Jew is count-
ed by men n of alone against himself but
against his people likewise. There-
fore, thou did at sin doubly. Therefore thou
art punished doubly."
This story, we believe, speaks for itself,
and it is in thl a spirit of the moral it teaches
that we warm ad in our leading editorial last
week, under the title "Jews and Crime:"
"It matters ittle how much Jews contri-
bute to the g pod of the entire community,
Let one Jew, c d• one group of Jews commit a
dishonorable act, and the entire world will
point an accus ing finger at all Jewry. Such
is our sad lot, , that all the people is made
responsible fo r the misdeeds of individuals.
It is no wonde T that our sages should have
proclaimed th at 'All Israel is responsible
Vr
one for anoth( r.' "
Independent. And it is against such condi-
tions that we must be on guard at all times.
We have another bit of evidence in sup-
port of our viewpoint. A Lansing, Michi-
gan, weekly, notoriously known as a de-
bunker of Michigan men, news and events,
recently featured an editorial in which it
warned the bond-holders of a certain trust
company against alleged attempts of "a
syndicate of rich New York Jewish gentle-
men" to buy up these bonds and to cheat
the misinformed. This paper closed its
editorial with the statement: "Don't sell
your bonds for the benefit of the rich New
York Jewish gentlemen who are fattening
on the misery of the Michigan bondholders.
If you sell you merely cheat yourself."
It is obvious that such unfair references
to the Jewishness of the gentlemen refer-
red to above might so poison the minds of
non-Jews that we may never recover from
it. Non-Jews do not stop to study facts and
figures and to learn the truth that compar-
atively few Jews are lawbreakers, and that
the people as a whole is a peace-seeking
and law-abiding element. When they read
of one criminal being a Jew they immedi-
ately think of all Jews, and unless Jews
conduct a campaign of education to con-
vince the press that they harm all Jews by
innocently abusing one Jew, we may be
compelled to face an even graver situation
later.
Thus we repeat our warning against
apathy in this matter, and again urge the
formation of a vigilance committee which
will be constantly on guard against abuse
of the Jewish name. Again we sound our
warning to Jews: BEWARE OF THE EM-
BERS OF IIATE!
The Puzzles of Human Nature
William Lyon Phelps, in his new book
"Human Nature," unburdens this interest-
ing thought:
It is probable that a complete knowledge by
citizens of one country of the citizens of another
country, would make war impossible. In 1914,
the average Englishman sup Aed that the aver-
age German lieutenant was inhuman, some kind
of monster; the soldiers who fought against
his knew better. The average German thought
Sir Edward Grey—a quiet English gentleman
who loved birds—was a dark, designing, smooth
hyprocritical villain, plotting with lies and
treachery against the peace of Europe.
Lichnowsky knew better, Mr. Gerald Stanley
Lee was on the right track when he suggested
that millions and millions of dollars be expend-
ed by each country to advertise its real nature
and aims in other countries. Spend at least
part of the money now devoted to threats— for
every battleship is a threat—on dissemination
of knowledge.
Interesting and true, and yet so difficult
of application because there are so many
elements of conflict within the ranks of na-
tions. There is the misunderstanding be-
tween Jew and Christian ; and between
Christian and Christian, as is evidenced by
the Protestant-Catholic differences; and
even between Jew and Jew. Here are a
couple of instances. A professor of relig-
ious education at Columbia University
made a study of prejudice among children.
A young Italian girl thus defined Jews:
They eat matzoth, cabbage, fish, bananas and
pickles; they believe in Moses; they eat from
gold and silver plates and don't like to work;
some of the Roman Jews hated God, and when
they pray they touch their beards and say:
"'labs In Frisca." Which means "We praise
Thee, O'Lord."
,
Now we cot ne to the second, and by far
more serious, point in question. We are not
as optimistic a s our correspondent. We are
not even as or otimistic as the eminent Ger-
roan-Jewish at ithor, Stefan Zweig, who, in
the fine article we were pleased to publish
last week, expi ressed the belief that we may
lool forward t o happier times for the Jews
•as well as for all peoples. Our correspon-
dent' quotes [err Zweig jubilantly. But
regretfully we remind both Herr Zweig and
this corresponl dent that all signs seem to
point to greate r gloom rather than to rays
of happiness. The recent pogrom in Berlin
If this sounds funny, read what a Jewish
boy said about Christians:
They eat bacon, ham and other things that
are not kosher; they go to church on Sunday;
Christmas is their favorite holiday; they pray
in front of the cross and take their hats off in
church; the "Prodisens" made their Ku Klux
Klan; Jesus is their father and the Christians
copied the Bible from the Jews and translated
it into English.
Similiarly horrid things were said by
Protestant youths about Catholics, and the
reverse.
Ilow, therefore, are we to solve the pro-
blems of human nature? And who are we
is an effectivp a argument against Stefan to start with in an attempt to solve the
problem, with the children, or the adults
Zweig.
who teach the children?
But we must not deviate from our argu-
It is a painful puzzle, this riddle of hu-
ment, and we proceed to offer proof that
serious danger looms against Israel in the man nature, and if it could not be solved by
event we act u unwisely and are lacking in the sages of the past thousands of years,
vision. There was a time, about fifty years we fear it will take more than the present
wise generation to defeat the injustice of
ago, when a lor le periodical in Poland pub- prejudice.
lished an attack on the Jews. It was laughed
at, and Jews re fused to take it seriously. In
Baltimore's Council of Orthodox Jewish
lees than a deca de a dozen such newspapers
made the Jew their target. The situation Congregations is to conduct an investigation
of ice cream manufactured in that city, for
in Poland durir ig and since the war is too
well known to n ced repetition. Certainly, to the purpose of determining which is kosher
ignore the less( ins taught to Jewry by ex- and fit for the consumption of Orthodox
Jews, Pretty soon we will begin to wonder
periences in Pol and would be criminal. And
the events in Ge rmany, where so-called silk- whether even our water is kosher.
gloved anti-Se m itism originated, tragically
illustrate our pc lint.
Vladimir Jabotinsky has been denied en-
While we are convinced that events corn- trance to Palestine for fear it would arouse
parable to those , which occurred in Poland the Arabs, Norman Bentwich has been re-
and Germany ar e impossible in this country, tired as attorney-general of Palestine, a
we nevertheless do take seriously the dan- post he filled with honor, because of the
ger of having t he minds of the populace "peculiar racial and political conditions in
poisoned against no by the constant refer- Palestine," Other Jewish rights in Pales-
ence to Jews w hen newspapers speak of tine have been and are being abused, But
crime. Such em bers of hate, perhaps inno- English anti-Semites continue to serve in a
cently dissemina ted, w ill cause more harm land pledged to become the Jewish Nation-
than was possibl e by even the most blatant al Home! Even in Palestine the fight for
Jewish rights goes on,
er
BY•THE•WAY
• "6.b.
'
, , smzetz!
The Hebrew Language as a
Cultural Factor
Tidbits and News of Jew-
ish Personalities.
By DAVID SCHWARTZ
FROM MY DAY-BOOK
Up in the "yawning," and to the
office. Picked up the morning pa-
per and noted Brother Winchell's
animadversion that the fellow who
wrote: "Ireland Must Be Heaven
Because My Mother Came From
There," was a Jew. And more-
over his mother didn't come from
Ireland but must have come from
Germany, because the author was
a German Jew.
Yes, and that's the way of the
world. "Dixie" was written by a
northerner. The tune of "America"
is of British origin, being the sonie
as that of "God Save the King."
The tune of "Ilatikvah" is not Jew-
ish. The fellow who wrote "Down
By The Swanee River" never saw
the Swanee, picking the name from
an atlas, and the Jewish boys, who
wrote "I Want To Go Back To
Michigan" always stay in New
York, though God knows, there is
nothing to stop anyone from going
to Michigan.
--O
NO JEWS IN SIAM?
Heard today of a Jewish writer
who sent a note to the King of
Siam when latter was in New York,
asking for an interview on the sub-
ject of "Jews of Siam."
The king replied very courteous-
ly that he would be glad to ac-
cord interview, but it would be fut-
ile, as there are no Jews in Siam.
That is, we presume, he meant
with the exception of the Jewish
ambassador from America to Siam,
Mr. Kauffman,
Yet we can hardly believe th
the king is correct. If there a
no Jews in Siam, what does
Kauffman do, when he wants
"bench" with a "mezuman?"
If there are ne Jews in Siam,
who collects money for the Zionists
there? I ask you.
If there are no Jews in Siam,
who are the tailors there, who calls
the protest meetings, who writes
the songs about the red hot mom-
mers of Siam, whose rich rich are
blackballed from clubs, and whose
poor are hit over the head with
clubs at Socialist demonstrations,
who rave about Freud, who pack
the concerts?
The King of Siam must be mis-
taken. Let him look around. We
dare say his own ministers. There
that fellow Ahi Sin Koo must have
been Abie Sinkowitz — when tie
lived on the East Side,
- not express his own inner spirit,
g but lives for the time being in an-
d other world, the world of the 'lai-
d mud and the rabbis, and adopts
e
their mode of thinking. Good
me
- logic, sound judgment, the good
5 old method of following the path
- which offers the least resistanc e .
- They introduced German or
- French in their prayers, using the
- apparently irrefutable argument
that it is foolish to pray in an un-
- intelligible language when you can
r pour your soul in your spoken lon-
y orgot
g
e of the fact that one may kno w the
heir literal meaning of every word of
nsla- his prayer and still not penetrate
and into its soul. They looked dis-
■ Ii
ong dainfully at those Eastern Euro-
wish peen Jews, many of whom not
/i
use- knowing the literal meaning of
I
ten- their prayers understood its soul
the more deeply than some of those
the scholarly rabbis. Those Western
4 0
ale Jewries adopted a translation
cha- Judaism,
ons.
Two Theories Compared,
: ■ ;
3
Mat is the sum total of that
.4 1
Judaism now after a century and
a half of experiments? Spiritual
.1
poverty, sterility and defeat in
every line of Jewish culture. What
rL
is the sum total of Russian-Polish
Judaism during the same period?
A modern Hebrew literature which
boasts of such immortal names as
Mendele, Achad-Ila'am and Bialik,
a national revival movement which
brought to life many of those "dry
zones' in W
Pe, Ch as-
sidism, a life sustaining new spirit
which saved millions of Jews from
despair and abjectness during
those stormy years of reforms; en-
!' ht . .
expense of Jewish culture and
values. Let the Jewish people
here in the United States look
carefully at these two Jewries and
time would
It was just a casts- thing to do and due to the fact Torah and
let them draw their own dedue-
tions.
the Hebrew
su l. The subsequent
the Egyp
ignoramus who did not understand fine meaning fate Hof
Here in America there is a sub-
of words. So now into the waste basket it goes degenerated and tian Jewry, which
.1+
terranean struggle between He-
gr adu
disap-
with
all
the
other
rubbish
that
one
accumulates
in
peered
as
soon
as
they
adopted
the
brew
and the translation Judaisms.
a day's routine,
We call this struggle subterran-
—___..........____
imitation Judaism, proved the
es
ean, because on the surface it
clear vision of our sages.
IT IS INTERESTING as well as refreshing to read
looks as if all admit the import-
41 +
Everything
in
Terms
of
Hebrew,
ance
of
Hebrew
in
the
schools
and
the message of a man who thinks clearly , . .
who does not deal in generalities and cover his coy- We all know that the Talmud
in the houses of worship. They
ertv of thought with a dusk of van'e and mean- and Midrash are the books in
just add that it is impossible to
ingless exnressinne. I am thinking of Welter Linn- which the Jewish legal and moral
swim against the current and that
codes and aspects, Jewish life, phi-
men, who has become a contributing editor to the
as much as they love the Hebrew
New York Herald-Tribune, He has a column a dsv losophy and outlook on all Jewish
concessions and compromises
ad
univel
rs a val ues are incorp or.
must be made to the spirit of the
Contains more
which in ens instal'm'entContains
e th^""l
n at d. But the very nature and
than one can find in 50 of Coolidee's. Lineman
hen
time, etc., etc.
DR. HADAS EXPLAINS
a grasp of economics and an understanding of social texture of these books is Ilebrew
Unshakable Faith,
Up to the Hebrew Union College
and political f nrcos
Every law, precept, exhortation
My faith is not moved even in
e4i.
and their effect anon our wel-
for Teachers, to meet Dr. Moses
and every shade of expression is
the
face
of their groundless ac-
fare
that
waken
his
observetione
on
the
present
Hades its principal, who also
based upon a verse, a sentence, a
depression of absoehine interest. There hasn't
cusation that the Ilebraists and
teaches Greek at Columbia. Dis-
letter, an iota of the Bible. ven
the Hebrew schools stress the Ian- c
been a member of Hoover's cabinet who has pre-
cussed my recent references to the
the Aramaic element helped to en-
guare too much and sacrifice the
sented to the American noonle as illumineting an
poor anthologies of the Talmud,
rich and instill new life in the He-
internretation
of
the
situation
as
has
Lineman.
contents for the sake of the vessel,
ese
and Dr. Hades agreeing, attributed
brew language. Every idea was
and that they so busy themselves
. There hasn't been a 'six industrial leader who
it to the fact that the authors of
expressed in terms of Hebrew and
with
the
study
of
language
that
has
shown
as
much
understanding
of
what
it's
all
these anthologies were largely try-
in its spirit, and to think of the
not sufficient religion is being
about. . . . I cannot too highly recommend this
ing to prove that the Talmudethics
Talmud and Midrash in terms of
taught to the young generation.
column to the attention of my residers. . . If it
was as noble RS the Christian. Thus,
translation is incomprehensible.
however, I wish to sound a note
does not appear in any of your local deny miners
they were disposed to print every-
Still, the same spiritual leaders
of
warning to all those who do not
it
would
pay
you
to
make
a
sneciol
effort
to
get
it
':Pit
thing of a trite and benevolent na- elsewhere. . . . One
who openly or covertly advocated
sees
realize
the menace of a translation
s,s
in
Lipnmen
a
mind
that
ture, but completely ignored all of
deals with fundamentele. I recall that Linntnoll
a
translation
Judaism
glorify
the
Judaism:
If you refuse to learn a
:-s*
its racy
subtle and more profound
W£01 with the World ( -
Talmud as our fortress, our haven
lesson from the past, open your
mite is while as one of its edi-
observations.
of refuge during those bloody cen-
tors. . . . When the New York World went Pea of
eyes to the present, and you will
The Talmud said Dr. Hades i
business I heard on reliable authority that Hearst
turies of massacres and persecu-
find out that any Jewish school,
the most misrepresented of hook
tions. Is not this fact stronger
daily or Sunday school, where the
offered him 850.000 a year to go with his New
Iladas by the way has just fin
than the wildest fiction?
York
papers.
But
he
refused
it
and
accented
a
Bible is taught in good and pure
ished a translation of Sefer Shan
position with the New York Herald-Tribun
English has the taste color and
During our long exile many of
e at
huim-Book of Delight, a Ilebre
much
less,
believing
that
wee
hotter
yob'
I
f
odor
of a church Sunday school,
our
rabbis
have
been
forced
cla ssic of the twelfth century ,
is messages. . • . A mind like Walter Lippme n 's
and any house of worship that
there and then to write some of
which Columbia University is
prays
exclusively or partly in Eng-
should be used in the high councils of the nation
their works in other languages.
-
in times like these.
lish acquires the tinge and frag-
Some of them were either far-
rance
and
aspect of a church. For
sighted or fortunate to have those
'PEAKING of this and that I submitted a elan to
when a man speaks, prays and
books brought back to the Hebrew
‘a Paul Block. the nublisher, to begin with the gov- language by competent translators.
studies Bible or any Jewish sub-
ject in Hebrew he is, consciously
ernment and follow through with the states and
The philosophical works of Yehu-
,
cities to stage
or unconsciously, connected with
dab Halevi, Maimonides, Ibn Ga-
nation-wide advertising program
to stimulate buying end thi s hasten a return to
the Mount Sinai, Moriah, Pales-
birol and others, originally written
f
tine, Talmud, Midrash and Jew-
normal conditions. The idea was to use every
in the Arabic, were restored to the
I available advertising medium. newspapers, maea-
Hebrew,
ish religion. On the other hand,
ebrew. These books are still a
the Bible and prayers in English
sines, bill boards, four-minute sneakers, etc.,
great spiritual force in the Jewish
exactly es was done during the wee to sell Liberty
associates your subconscience with
thinkers' minds and in the national
s bonds. The slogan to
King James of England, Puritans,
conscience. But those who were
be SPEND TO SAVE YOUR
JOB AND TO MAKE A JOB FOR SOME ONE
Pilgrim's
Progress and down to the
not fortunate to be restored to the
ELSE. While we know that everybody isn't wends-
churches of all denominations.
Hebrew were doomed to fall into
inc the fact remains that MORE people are working
the abyss of oblivion and lie in the
When you read the Bible in He-
_ then are idle. . . . And if the VA ST HOARDED
brew you hear the words, the tone,
gloom of the archives and mu-
BUYING POWER in the form of DOLLARS that
the ring and the divine passion of
seums. The Jewish nation has
are now in the ssvings
wreaked its vengeance upon them
the Hebrew prophets, law givers
banks could he brought out
and placed in circulation we shall have made a
by refusing to incorporate them
and chroniclers, but when you
constructive step to start the wheels of industry in
read it in English you hear the
as a part of their spiritual treas-
ures.
motion. I find that this idea is being used in iso-
priest, the minister, the preacher
lated instances by some corporations and business
and
the missionary. You lose the
"Path of Least Resistance."
houses.. . . But it e'en be made effective only by
link between your ancestors and
In the modern era which had its
yourselves.
CONCERTED ACTION arousing the whole netion
inception in the eighteenth cen-
to the necessite of SPENDING WISELY TO SUP-
tury with Mendelsohn and his dis-
We, therefore, exhort all reflec-
:e -1 'r
PLY OUR NEEDS .
ciples. the Jewish spiritual leaders
tive Jewish minds. Stand up
•: ■ i•
and scholars began to feel the in-
firmly and courageously for the
HERR HITLER is a puzzle to me. Ile does not
convenience and inadequacy of
Hebrew language and culture and
', PPM
to want himself or his followers to be
help save the original Judaism!
carrying along our national litera-
•
identified with violence. When Premier Laval and
ture in the old vessel, the Hebrew
it is no easy task to impart to
-1
Briand visited Berlin the other day Hitler was very
the child a sufficient knowledge of
language, They began to tinker
'sel
emphatic in his statements that under no circum-
with this vessel and "deal wisely"
the Hebrew language to read the
stances would he countenance any hostile demon-
with it. They dispensed with it in
prayers and Bible intelligently and
stration by any of his followers. And I find that
the Temples, they dismissed it
appreciatingly in the original, but
Hitler absolutely refuses to accept the accusation
from its service as expressing the
it as been accomplished by the
that his followers were in any way involved in the
Jewish modern innermost self. The
United Hebrew Schools of Detroit
anti-Jewish demonstrations which occurred during
old flask, according to their opin-
and by all other modern Hebrew
the Jewish holidays. He may be sneaking the truth
ion, could not contain the new
schools in all Jewish communities.
because it is quite contrary to the policy of one
wine.
Those parents who were wise
who is seeking a place in the high councils of a na-
Geiger, one of the founders of
enough to start their children in
tion to be identified with lawlessness and disorder.
the Hebrew kindergarten and Pa-
science
of
Judaism,
expressed
the
When I say this I do not mean that demonstrations
tient enough to send them to He-
opinion that a writer who writes
are ruled out, but that raiding and physical attacks
brew schools until graduation were
in Hebrew at the present day does
on certain groups do not come within their scope
richly rewarded.
of activity. Hitler goes to some length to vindi-
cate himself, charging that others are doing things
in the name of his organization for the sole pur-
pose of prejudicing their case in the minds of the
German people.... I say Hitler may be telling the
truth but at the same time it is very unpleasant for
the Jews who are the victims of the situation,
BERNARD S. DEUTSCH, President of America n Jewis h Congress.
"The struggle to maintain the legal status of our
regardless of who commits the actual violence.
people in Poland
Rumania, Hungary and other lands still goes on as heretofore. As an
additional burden to contend with, there is the economic crisis, which
COURAGE is the rarest thing in the world. I am
has
struck
the
Jews
more
seriously
than
other
peoples.
The emergency
not speaking of physical courage but moral
has suddenly revealed certain aspects of unsteadiness and uncertainty
courage. Nearly all of us are puesy-footers and
in the economic life of our people. The breakdown of the economic
opportunists; most of us will play along with indi-
and social structure threatens to engulf our spiritual and cultural
viduals, factions and causes because it is to our
possessions. Naturally, part of the economic difficulties is caused by
advantag. I am reminded of this by reading an
the denial of equal rights and by the manifestation of official anti-
item the other day in which Rev. Dr. John Haynes
Semitism in public service and in other fields of occupation. It is a
Holmes is credited with saying that when he and
critical
time in the history of our people and this imposes new tasks
Rabbi Wise get back to New York they are going
and obligations upon the forthcoming session of the American Jewish
after Mayor Walker, and that they in'end to keep
Congress."
up the fight for a clean city. Now that takes a tre-
•
•
•
mendous amount of courage. If you don't believe
RABBI EDWARD L. ISRAEL, Chairman Social Service Comtnission
that, then ask yourself if YOU would be willing to
of Central Conference American Rabbis: "Those who stand at the
take the leadership in such a fight in YOUR OWN
head of our government have been notoriously blind and derelict at
CITY? You wouldn't because you are in busi-
facing the full implications of the unemployment problem. They have
ness, you are in poli'ics, you have friends you can't
failed to understand that this is something more than a problem of
afford to offend, you are obligated to that bank,
social relief, but one of fundamental economic justice that must be
you are involved in this way and in that way. . . .
changed and corrected."
Just stop to analyze all these things and then you
•
•
•
will realize to just what extent Rabbi Wise is far
MORRIS D. WALDMAN, Executive Secretary, American Jewish
more courageous, is far more conscientious than
Committee: "The increasing business depression in the countries of
you are and HOW MUCH BETTER A CITIZEN
the West, especially in the United States, upon whom Eastern Euro-
HE IS THAN YOU ARE. . . . Yes, it's easy to
pean Jewry has confidently depended in the past, has reduced this aid
talk of "sensationalism" but the courage of Dr.
(Turn to Next Page).
very materially and has nearly closed the last door of hope on these
Wise's convictions teaches us an important lesson.
unhappy people."
s.
_ VIEWS OF LEADING JEWS II
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