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1' they form a group which very soon being in the presence of friendly
takes on all the familiar aspects of powers who help him and grant his
religious belief, symbolism and
wishes always and who only upon
' practice.
rare occasions thwart him or
Religion as a social phenomenon,
threaten his existence. Indeed, if
then, is absolutely universal in the
By RABBI LEON FRAM
nature were not friendly much
past as in the present. The fact more constantly than it was el,
that it is su universal leads us to
To me, personally, the idea that whatever it is, came to us not slid the conclusion that religion is a structive, the human race would
my religion was the result of a long denly, all at once, through some normal factor in the human strug- hardly have survived. Undoubtedly,
evolution out of the total experi- one historical incident, or through gle for existence and well-being, dangers and hardships have tough- I
ended the fibre of the race and aid-
ence of the human race has always shone one book but that it is the that religion in everyone of its
i
been more satisfying than the no- result of n gradual growth from stages and forms is an expression ed in its survival. But this con-
tion that it was revealed suddenly, lower to higher forms—this theory of that most universal of all biolog- stant exposure to catastrophe!
completely and finally at Sinai. I of the evolution of religion in no ical urges, the urge of self-preser- which is implied in Mr. Browne's
picture of the fear-ridden savage
could not help, however, but be contradictory to the idea of the vat i on.
would have been altogether fatal
aware of the fact that for many revelation of religion. We are of
lion .
to the race. What is more, actual
people the validity of religion does orthodox ground when we trace our , Religion an Self P
Self-preservation
may
mean
one
living with primitive men in var.
not rest entirely upon the belief in religious ideals and practices from
a definite historical act of the reve- their origins in the lives of prim- of two things. The primary mean- ions parts of the world does not
ing
is
the
preservation
of
the
phys-
confirm the notion that they are
lation of God to man.
itive men to the form in which we
ical self, that is, the satisfaction primarily fearful. Travellers and
These thoughts came to my mind follow them today.
of the individual's basic animal
when the telephone bell of my study
One of the first fruits of this evo- wants. But among human beings scholars, such as Andrew Lang
rang, and a voice said that a cer- lutionary study of religion is the it tends to assume an added mean- and Frederick Starr, who have vis-
tain group of businessmen who elefinite discovery that relig i on is ing. It becomes the impulse to pre- ited savage 1111`11 in the heart of the
were interested in the discussion of absolutely universay. All invest). rerve a special kind of self—a jungle have found all their preron-
religion and who had heard about gallons which have been made of broad, varied ideal self, it person. ce i ved notions about their fier ce-
my studies in religious origins the relics and remains of ancient, ality to which social sympathy and ness eliminated. Savage men, they
wanted me to give them a coarse men as far back as the Paleolithic social response and social recog- learned, are in their own villages
of lectures in the evolution of re- Age and further—all studies which nition become indispensable so that quite placid and easy-going. Amer-
ligion. I was informed that this have been made of savage peoples without these one does not wish to ican Indians are very stolid beings
to whom fear is unknown. Afri-
group or clam had been led for now existing in Australia, in Af- live.
can Negroes while they have their
several years by lir. Lynn Harold rica, in America and in the Indies
In the earliest stages of the moods of fright are more charac-
Hough, formerly of the Central tend to prove that there has never
Methodist Church of Detroit and been a group of human beings that story of man it is in the preserva- teristically a Isughing people. In-
one time president of Northwest- was without religious beliefs and tion of his physical self, though deed, civilized or city-dwelling men,
not exclusively so, that religion like Mr. Browne, who describes
: ern University. Now the Metho- practices.
serves him. In the latest stages savages as being terrorized by na-
dist denomination is known to be
Religion Is Uni
I.
of
human society, it is in the pres- ture are re-ally unconsciously read-
very conservative theologically. I
It is true an explorer once came
could not help, therefore, but con- back from the equatorial regions ervation of his ideal self that re- ing into the savage their own feel-
, sitter that a theory of religious and said he had come upon a tribe ligion may be said to he of service ings. It is city-dwelling men, it is
evolution which was inspiring to of wild men who had no religion. to man. When we come among the tenderfeet of the human race
me might be disquieting to them. Ms report caused a great furore primitive men we find that relig- that are frightened by natural phe-
But the invitation was so cordial, in the scientific world. Anthropol- ion is for them chiefly a way of nomena. The Rough Rders who
I decided to venture it. What was ogists and archeologists beat at the preserving physical life, a way of lived constantly with nature view
my joy when I learned as the lec- doors of his study to get more in- being successful in the hunt, of her stormy moods with composure.
Indeed, the very forms, rituals
tures got under was that even the formation about this extraordinary getting a good harvest, of securing
most conservative of my class people who had no religion. After a good supply of new-born cattle, . and ceremonials by which primitive
of avoidance of disease and natur- men approach the gods indicate
found in the evolutionary approach being prod ded
q uestions
al catastrophes, of protection the friendly relationships between
to religion an enrichment rather several hours, he finally
burst out:
than an impairment of their faith. "But I insist, these savagese had against wild beasts and human ene- them. Primitive religion is full of
mies. Savage men are dimly aware song and dance. The places in
There is nothing radical or un- no religion. They were Devil Wor- of certain powers in nature that which primitive men worshipped
orthodox about the idea that every- shippers."
make rain and provide the sun- are also the places upon which they
one of the great religions of today
The scientists laughed. This man shine and cause things to grow expended their highest Bits in
is the result of a gradual evolution was a good explorer but not a situ- out of the ground and cause cattle
painting, in sculpture and in archi- '
from lower to higher forms of re- ; dent of religion, or he yould have and human beings to multiply. All
tecture. All joy, all rhythm, all
ligious life. There is no conflict understood that Devil worshipping of these things they need in order color was expended upon their re-
between the idea that religion is also a religion, even though a to live, and the way to secure them ligious life. It is impossible to as-
comes to us by way of evolution bad one.
they believe, is to get into proper sociate these things with fear. The
d the idea that religion comes to
There has been no exception relations with the powers or the age-old ritual sacrifice has been
us by way of revelation. The peo-
gods that have these good things used as the principal exhibit of the
found
to
the
law
of
the
universality
ple who believe that their religion
to give.
theory that primitive man ap-
originates from an historical act of of religion as far as the past is
primitive religion consists of proaches his gods with fear, offers
revelation rarely deny that prev- concerned. Are there any human
the fierce god a bribe of choice food
ious to the act of revelation some groups today that are without re- man's attitude towards these "pow- in order to appease him. Or
: the
other type of religious life was go- ' ligion? Here, too, we must be care- ers" of nature and the ways that
goes, the savage believes
ing on, even though it was a lower ' ful in our analysis. There are some he used to approach them and get
that
by
carrying
out
the
sacrifice
who
would
say
that
Communist
from them the things by which he
type.
Russia is a group of human beings must live. Did he regard them as ritual in the proper manner he
Evolution Is Orthodox.
without religion. The Commun- hostile beings whom he must fight ' thereby gains power over the fiery(
Thus, the Orthodox Jew believes ists have made and are still mak- and conquer or as beings so fierce gal and compels him to elo his will.
that Qs! revealed Himself on a ing efforts to extirpate both Juda-
that he must appease and bribe
Sacrifice.
certain day at Mount Sinai and ism and Christianity out of Rus-
them? On the contrary, there is
The essential meaning of sacri-
once and for all presented to man sia and the casual observer reaches
evidence
that
he
regarded
them
on
fice
is
altogether
different. There-
His will and IIis law. But no Or- the conclusion that the Commun-
thodox Jew would think of saying ists therefore have no religon. But the whole as rather friendly be- is one point about sacrifice that
ings. Lewis Browne, author of the-se "fear-theorists" omit to ob-
that there was no , religion before a scientific observer sees that in "
This Believing World," makes a serve or deliberately fail to men-
the revelation at •
. Ad am an d every Russian home, and, indeed,
gratuitous assumption when he de- tion. It is that while men are mak
Noah had their communion with in every Russian office and work-
God, their religion. It may have shop, on every Russian village scribes the primitive man as con- ing the sacrifice to god they, too,
stantly in a state of fear of the are feasting. Sacrifice really
been fragmentary, incomplete, but square, there is an image
Lenin forces around him. Mr. Browne ,means holding a feast at which God
religion it certainly was. When I and that Russian men and of
women makes this picture of the fear- is one of the guests. It is one of
the Revelation came it was not adore that image as once they
something altogether new, but adored the images of the Greek swept and terror-shaken savage the oldest ideas among men that
plausible by concentrating our at- when people eat together they be-
grew right out of beliefs and atti- Orthodox Church.
tention on the savage as he stands come thereby bound to one another
tudes already existing .
You do not need to approve of in the presence of a volcanic erup- in bonds of friendship. You can-
Orthodox Christians believe that
tion, of an earthquake, of a devas- not be an enemy of the person with
Lenin-worship
in
order
to
grant
Christianity was revealed through
the life and the words of Jesus. that a form of worship it certainly tating flood or an epidemic dis- whom you eat at your table. All
. ease. It is out of fear of these treaties or covenants of ancient
is.
Communist
Russia
has
its
own
But no Orthodox Christian would
, times were ratified by the parties
think of saying that there was no religion. There are many small things, he concludes, then, that the
religion before Jesus. The Old groups of people in Eurpoe and in savage turns to religious ceremon- to the treaty sitting down at the
ials and rituals by which he hopes table together. American Indians
Testament is as sacred to Chris- America who claim to deny all re- either to gain
magic power over had a little variation of this cus-
tianity as the New. The Old Tes- ligion. A closer examination of
tament may be incomplete, unde- their philosophy and conduct al- or appease the firce beings with tom. Instead of ratifying the cov- I
which
the
woods
and mountains are
by eating together they rat-
w
ays
reveals
the
familiar
elements
veloped, but religion it certainly
rife.
ified them by smoking together,
is. And the revelation of Jesus is common to all religion. An excel-
smoking
the Pipe of Peace. A sac-
lent
instance
is
the
Association
of
But it is obviously a distorted
not an abrupt departure from it
but grows naturally right out of it. Free Thinkers, or the Society of view of nature which concentrates rifice. then, meant eating at table
together
with
God, thereby mak-
Mr. Sargent in his painting of his Atheists. These groups are a attention upon its catastrophes.
Prophets in the Boston Library plendid example of religion in one Nature does not present to human ing a treaty or covenant with God
and
bespeaking
his continued
carries out the Orthodox Chris- of its low stages of evolution. In beings a continuously terrible as-
friendship, guidance and protec-
tian idea. He has all the Prophets their obsession with one idea and pect. The sky smiles with sun- tion.
of the Old Testament arranged in their fanatical zeal in its behalf, shine or pours forth a pleasant pat-
To this day an Orthodox Jew
around Jesus, pointing to him and they resemble more than anything , ter of rain much more frequently
looking up toward him as the com- else the ecstatic devil-chasing derv- than it crashes with thunder or does not sit down at the Sabbath
.
fishes
of
ancient
Palestine.
toble
without inviting God to ((dn.
splits
open
with
lightening.
The
pletion of their teachings.
Organized atheism is a primi- river is a delightful place to swim This is what the ceremony of Kid
Nor does the Orthodox Moslem
believe that before the revelation tive form of religion, but a religion or fish or canoe in much more fre- lushmeans. The table is thereby
came to Mohammed there was no it certainly is. Here and there you quently than it is a swelling flood, transformed from a scene of physi-
religion. The Moslem recognizes may find an individual who has no a fierce invader and destroyer of cal indulgence to a scene of corn- I
with the divine. The Jew-
both Judaism and Christianity as religious affiliations whatsoever human habitations. The volcano
religions. But he pictures them and who in his outlook upon erupts only rarely. The avalanche ish Seder ceremony is an evolution
falls
only
at
out
of
an
ancient spring festival
great
intervals,
and
like the Prophets in Sargent's life is thoroughly cynical. As an
frieze as pointing to and looking individual he may be said to be health is more constant a factor of sacrifice performed in Palestine
to
covenant
with the gods for a
in
prithitive
man's
life
than
dis-
forward to their completion in Is- without religion, but just as soon
plentiful harvest of grain and a
lam.
as he joins with his fellows to pro- ease.
The theory that our religion, mote his particular view of life,
Primitive man is rather aware of
(Turn to Page Five)

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