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Published Weekly by The Jewish Chronicle Publishing' Co., h.

Entered as Second-class matter March 3, 1916, at the Poets
°Rice at Detroit. Mich., under the Act of March 3, IVY.

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billy for •n Indorsement of thy views expressed by .4 writer..

Sabbath Readings of the Torah.
Pentateuchal portion—Deut. 26:1-29:8.
Prophetical portion—la 60.

September 20, 1929

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VAYttriti=Vinlviyi

Ellul 15, 5689

All Jewry Mourns Marshall's Death.

condemned, and the Orthodox Congrega-
tions supported in their fight against them.
There is one serious cause for regret in
this battle against mushroom congrega-
tions. It must be admitted that whereas
congregations need support throughout the
year, their members, with a small percent-
age of exceptions, are mushroom worship-
pers. The psychology of a Jew which
permits him to remain unaffiliated throug-
out the year will also make it possible for
him to support a mushroom synagogue,
and he will not stop to consult his con-
science whether it is right or wrong to at-
tend services in a synagogue created for
three days and for the benefit of an indi-
vidual. At least, is long as he can save
on the price of a ticket, it is doubtful
whether he will stop to consider the jus-
tice of his preference.
The problem therefore strikes far deeper
than at the mere question of supporting
the synagogue building. It becomes a
question of reviving the Jew spiritually.
So long as the three-day-a-year worship.
pers predominate, the synagogues are
doomed and their battle against the mush-
room congregations is a hopeless one, even
if they do succeed in wrecking many of
them. The fact remains that three-day-
a-year worshippers make possible the ex-
istence of three-day-a-year synagogues.
Revive the spirituality of the Jew, and you
revive his spiritual home; let the spirit
rot, and we may be forced to be thankful
to the mushroom congregations for pro-
viding places of worship for at least three
days in the year.

K*.MMM2ZiS

had this entire issue been devoted to
an evaluation of the greatness of Louis
Marshall, there would still be much left
to be said in honor of this great leader. A
perusal of all the tributes, by Jews and
non-Jews, convinces that a great deal has
yet to be said in giving the great Marshall
the credit that was his in a lifetime of de-
voted service to his people. Because Louis
Marshall stood out as the great leader of
his people, everywhere, and his efforts
have piled accomplishment on top of ac-
complishment, with the result that his
achievements tower above those of all other
leaders in Jewry during the past quarter
of a century.
Mr. Marshall was the exception among
the leaders in American Jewry. For many
years people differentiated between Re-
form leaders and so-called representatives
of the masses. Mr. Marshall was placed
in the first category, and very often he was
Yo
AD
abused for it. But the true reason for
Yo
this classification is that Mr. Marshall was
consistent in the course and policies he
pursued in order to gain justice for his peo-
4 Al
ple, and in the long run his methods proved
right.
That Mr. Marshall was a true leader of
his people, without differentiating between
classes and masses, is proven by the fact
that long before the Jewish Telegraphic
Agency came into existence, making it pos-
sible for non-Yiddish readers to acquaint
themselves with Jewish conditions, Mr.
Marshall made a thorough study of Yid-
dish so that he could keep abreast with
events in the Jewish world by a daily per-
usal of the Yiddish press. Thus, without
their knowledge, he kept ever near to the
masses, warming his heart to all Israel's
needs even when he was suspected and ac-
cused by supposed democratic elements as
being self-appointed to leadership, as be-
ing the spokesman for the hated classes.
But when his critics were through criti-
cizing, one man always remained at the
rudder directing Jewish affairs, defending
his people, battling for their rights, and
he was Louis Marshall.
It is impossible to enumerate all his con-
tributions to Jewish life, but mention must
here be mrkle of Mr. Marshall'sgreat
achievement in helping Dr. Chaim Weiz-
mann to make possible the creation of the
Jewish Agency. It has been said that this
was the crowning achievement of his rich
career. It may well be said that his ef-
forts for the Jewish Agency also prove the
point made earlier that Mr. Marshall, de-
spite all criticisms to the contrary, was the
true spokesman for the masses as well as
the classes. He was not a Zionist, but he
made possible the inclusion of all groups
in an organization for the upbuilding of
Zion. He was not a Jewish nationalist,
but he made possible, through the Jewish
Agency, that all Jews be united as a na-
tional entity for great national efforts. His
unbounded love for his people, his devo-
tion to Israel, made this possible, and his
achievements are the great monuments in
his truly great career.
Mr. Marshall has himself unintention-
ally offered an explanation of his greatness
at the dinner given in joint honor of him-
self and Dr. Weizmann in New York in
1927. At that time he said:
"I am something better than a Zionist
or a non-Zionist; I am a Jew."
This explains everything. Because he
was a Jew, a very loyal and devoted Jew,
every Jewish cause was dear to him and
therefore attracted his interest and in most
.20
f ' ro cases his aid. Because he was a great Jew
he possessed the powers to become the
fro
greatest Jewish leader.
All Israel sits in mourning over its great
son, Louis Marshall.

Three-Day-a-Year Judaism.

The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre-
gations again declares war on the mush-
room synagogues which spring up every-
where with the arrival of the High Holy
Days. Organized, in most cases, for per-
sonal gain by • private individuals, except
In instances where large congregations rent
extra halls to accomodate overflow groups
of worshippers, these three-day-a-year
synagogues are a menace to existing con-
gregations because they deprive many of
them of the income which guarantees their
support throughout the year. As such,
these mushroom congregations should be

Peace In Palestine.

Correspondents of The Detroit Jewish
Chronicle in Palestine, in communications
published in this issue, reveal the sadness
of a situation which compelled peaceful
men and women to resort to arms in de-
fense of their lives. It is easy to under-
stand their resentment against a govern-
ment which made such a condition possi-
ble, and it is only natural that Jews every-
where should join in protesting to the Brit-
ish government for its negligence in the
Holy Land.
Latest dispatches from Palestine offer
assurance that peace will be established
between the Jews and the Arabs, and that
these two peoples will again live peace-
fully as neighbors. Because such a condi-
tion is now visible, in spite of the reported
economic boycotts, the case of the con-
science of mankind against the negligence
of the British administration in Palestine
is strengthened.
Jews desire peace, and they shall attain
it. But such peace must be guaranteed by
the protectorate against possible recur-
rences of the barbarities of two weeks ago.
Britain will not wipe out the stain of the
Palestine outrages unless such a guarantee
is assured and the officials responsible for
the murders removed from office.

Lepers in Jewry's Ranks.

More disgusting even than the worst of
the Arab outrages is the attitude of the
Jewish Communists in this country. Dis-
regarding every human element, they have
launched a campaign agaicist "British im-
perialists and Zionists chauvinists," whom
they are jointly blaming for the outrages,
end are hailing the Arabs as the martrys
of "a great cause." The Arabs, they say,
are aiding the world revolution, and they
glory over "Jewish blood oiling the wheels
of revolution,"
This element is not only disregarding
the most elementary things in human deal-
ings, but are out to pour salt over the
wounds of their own kinsmen, and where-
ever possible are aiming at disrupting the
work for the relief of the sufferers in the
recent Moslem outrages. We are informed
by enraged readers that wherever pos-
sible these Communists advocate a boycott
of the Emergency Fund.
An instance is quoted in the action of a
woolen's club in the Oakland section. The
proposal of several members that a sum of
money be donated to the relief fund was
voted down through the efforts of the Com-
munists. Instead, this group decided to
come to the aid of the Communist Yiddish
daily, whose existence is now threat-
ened because readers and advertisers are
withdrawing subscriptions and advertise-
ments in protest against this paper's hav-
ing started the disgusting campaign against
the Palestine sufferers. The more hu-
mane members of the Oakland group are
now withdrawing in protest, and such an
attitude now rules all Yiddish quarters
where the handful of disgusting Commun-
ists attempt to spread their propaganda.
There is only one term that will des-
cribe such an element, and that is that they
are lepers. It is unheard of that Jews, re-
gardless of political opinions, should stoop
so low as to mock at suffering. Christians
are appealing for aid for the sufferers.
Jewish converts to Christianity (meshu-
modim) have issued a similar appeal for
aid. But the Communists are out to "oil
the wheels of the revolution" with Jewish
blood.
Let it be broadcast among our people
that these are lepers, and let such beasts
who make the appearance of men and
women be excluded from civilized so-
ciety.

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A Great Man Has
Fallen In Israel

By WM. Z. SPIEGELMAN

With the passing of Louis Mar
shall, American Jewry sustained
an irreparable loss which will be
mourned not only throughout the
United States and Canada, but
throughout the world, wherever
Jewish communities are to be
found. With the death of Louis
Marshall, American Jewry lost the
greatest, the most gifted and the
most influential leader it has ever
produced, to whom no Jewish
cause was alien.
Through 73 years of age, the late
leader of American Jewry was ac-
tive, full of energy and untiring
in his devotion for the cause of
Judaism, to the very last (lay,
when he was taken ill in Zurich,
Switzerland. Ile was operated
upon only a few days after he had
steered to a successful conclusion
the Jewish Agency conference,
when the dream of his life to bring
about a union of all Jews, Zion-
ists and non-Zionists alike, for
the rebuilding of i'alestine as the
Jewish National home, was rea-
lized, and the Jewish Agency Coun-
cil was created with him as chair-
man of the Council. lie literally
fulfilled what appears now to have
been a prophesy when he said on
the occasion of the unostentatious
celebration of his seventieth birth-
day in 1926: "I hope to continue
my work. I want to wear out,
not rust away."

1 1 11

Charles IL Joseph

LOUIS MARSHALL was a great leader in Jewry.
I never knew a man whose profession lay outside
Jewish life who gave so much of his energy and
his time to Jewish life. He was an indomitable
fighter and a tireless worker for his people. No
phase of Jewish life left him untouched. lie took
himself and his work seriously. While he was by
no means an orator, yet the sincerity of his mes-
sages always held profound interest for his hearers.
The devotion to every worthy Jewish cause made
him respected as few Jews have been in recent times
and lent tremendous weight to every appeal he
made for his people. lie never used what Roosevelt
called "weasel words." Ile hit straight from the
shoulder and used the Biggest Stick he could find.
I remember how Ford hit the ceiling when he re-
ceived Marshall's telegram shortly after he started
his infamous campaign against the Jews. It was
said that Marshall's words angered him more and
stung more acutely than tons of criticism that were
launched on hmi afterward. It was strange that
the very man who aroused his ire should be the one
to whom Ford turned when he decided that he
wanted to apologize and retract to the world and to
the Jewish people. Ford's confession was Mar-
shall's. This merely serves to show the command-
ing position he occupied as leader of American
Jewry and that it was so recognized by the world at
large as well as by Jewry.

Leader of International Fame.

A leader of international fame
one of the leading constitutional
lawyers in the United States, a
champion of justice for the op-
pressed and downtrodden a fear-
less warrior for freedom and lib-
erty, he fought many battles for
the protection of the rights of
Jews everywhere, and proceeded
with particular care and devotion
to defend in the courts of the
United States the rights of racial
and religious minorities, includ-
ing the Japanese, the Negroes, the
Hindus, wherever and whenever
they war in dangr of being cur-
taild or infringed upon.
As president of the American
Jewish Committee since 1912 the
late Mr. Marshall became the cen-
ter of Jewish thought and activity
in the United States, spreading
his influence and his burning real
for Jewish causes to almost every
part of the globe. As president
of the American Jewish Relief
Committee, together with Felix M.
Warburg, Dr. Cyrus Adler and
others, he wan the prime force
which became instrumental in the
creation of the American Jewish
Joint Distribution Committee at
the beginning of the World War.
The Joint Distribution Commit-
tee has since that date, under his
guidance and inspiration rained
and expended a sum in the neigh-
borhood of $100,000,000, to bring
succor and relief to Jews without
regard to group or party affilia-
tion, who suffered economic ruin
in the war-torn countries. lie
was the staunchest champion of
the American Jewish relief work
and of the Jewish colonization
work in Soviet Russia in the face
of sonic opposition and of many
obstacles.
Responsible for Unity.
As the outstanding leader of the
group of non-Zionists in the United
States, he was the man with whom
the president of the Zionist World
Organization six years ago started
the negotiations for the extension
of the Jewish Agency to include
non-Zionists as well as Zionists.
It was due to the late Mr. Mar-
shall's statemanship, patience, un-
usual skill, leadership and for-
bearance, that the exceedingly dif-
ficult negotiations were brought
to a successful conclusion, result-
ing in unity in Jewish life.
But alas, like the first leader of
the Jewish people, he was permit-
ted only a glimpse of the land of
Israel from a distance, but never
to enter it.
So greatly was he imbued with
the importance of the work facing
him in connection with the re-
building of Palestine under the
auspices of the Jewish Agency
that when he awoke from the ether,
following his first operation, his
first question was, as the cable
dispatches reported, "What is the
news from Palestine?" During
the entire time of his illness, on
the order of his physicians, the
news concerning the tragedy in
Palestine was withheld from him.
Ever unwilling to cross the ocean,
he undertook to go to Europe at
his advanced age this summer, in
order to attend the Zurich confer-
ence, for the sake of Jewish unity
and the rebuilding of Palestine.
Honored by the people of his
state and of his country, admired
by the members of his profession,
and loved and revered by the Jews
of America, and Europe, Mr. Mar-
shall's life of three settee and thir-
teen was one of the highest ideal-
ism and usefulness. A speaker of
unusual force, a jurist known for
his incisive logic, a writer wield-
ing a clear and convincing pen,
a commanding personality radiat-
ing strength and goodness, the late
Mr. Marshall held a unique posi-
tion of power and influence in
America and in American-Jewish
life. During the last decade, as
the qualities of his leadership be-
came widely known and respected.
his word and decision in Jewish
matters were final and universally
accepted. Trough he exercised his
leadership with a firm hand and
a strong convietirn, he was mod-
est and unassuming to an unusual
degree. Very often he could be
seen at important Jewish gather-
ings, in which he played the lead-
ing part, occupying one of the back
seats until he was called upon to
preside.
Born in Syracuse, New York, on
December 14. 1856, the son of
Jacob and Cilli (Straw) Mar-
shall, Jewish Immigrants from Ger-
many, Mr. Marshall was educated
in Syracuse High Scheel graduat-
ing with high honors in 1874.
While at school he assisted his

(Turn to Next Page).

WASHINGTON JEWISH
MIRROR

CI (1 41 Id UiltP

By Hillel, The Observer

ems strange to me now that I think of it
peo I t seems

that I should have met Louis Marshall only once
in all the years that he was before the Jewish pub-
lic. We had exchanged many letters and on more
than one occasion he took the opportunity of bring-
ing me to book for some statement which he felt I
should not have made. While I could not always
agree with him I had an abiding faith in his hon-
esty and I had for him the highest respect as a man
and as a Jew. I question whether we have anyone
in America today who can take his place? Ile was
a forceful personality and in his death world Jewry
has lost one of its most valuable members.

I

THINK that Will Allen White out in Emporia,
Kansas, ought to give those fellows who are run-
ning the Osawatomie State Hospital in that great
state of his, a pen-drubbing. Once upon a time
the famous Kansas Commoner wrote an editorial,
asking, "What's the Matter With Kansas?" Well,
one thing wrong with it is that it allows a religious
prejudice to exist in a state institution. Maybe the
officials don't know it. Since I have told so much
out of school I might just as well go the whole
route and publish the facts that are in my posses-
sion. If the genius of the Emporia Gazette isn't
around the premises when this comes out I'm going
to send it to his pal, Henry—Henry Allen. Henry
was once upon a time governor, now he's United
States Senator. Ile was a good Rooseveltian in his
day because I happened to be at a dinner given for
T. R. where Governor Allen spoke, and he surely
calls a spade a spade. I don't believe he's changed
any and if he hears of this dumb episode out in his
state he'll make it hot for somebody or I'm very
much mistaken. Now let's have the letter without
further comment.

State of Kansas
OSAWATOMIE STATE HOSPITAL
Under State Board of Administration
Dr. Edward M
Chicago, Ill.
Dear Doctor:
Your application for staff position in the
Topeka State Hospital has been referred to me
as the vacancy at that institution has been
filled.
Advise that this institution has a capacity of
1,450 patients with an employed personnel of
about 180. It maintains a staff of six physi-
cians, a full time dentist and technician. A
single man or man with small family preferred.
The salary range is from $2,000 to $2,700 with
full maintenance. Quarters for the staff are
adequate and have always been considered sat-
isfactory. This is a Gentile staff and Gentiles
are preferred. If interested I would be glad
to hear from you as to your religious faith.
F. A. CARMICHAEL,
Superintendent.
I have just one thing to add. Do the taxpayers
of the state of Kansas, Jews as well as Gentile, sup-
port this state institution? That's quite an impor-
tant thing for you to know, Dr. Carmichael!

NOTHING like getting your information from
headquarters. A reader living in a small com-
munity in Virginia (or was it West Virginia?- wrote
to me asking if I could get him some information
concerning a Hebrew-Christian revivalist named
Jacob Gartenhaus, who represented himself to be
either a rabbi or a son of a rabbi. I asked for infor-
mation in this column and received the following
letter from the gentleman himself from Atlanta,
Ga. I give it exactly as it is written.
My attention has been called to a copy of the
August 23rd issue of the Jewish Times, in
which a reader of Coeburn, Va., asks for in-
formation concerning a Baptist, Jewish evan-
gelist, and since I happen to be that individ-
ual, I am happy to comply with your correspon-
dent's and your wishes and a mtherefore here-
with enclosing a brief biography of my life,
published by the Moody Bible Institute of Chi-
cago.
It has ever been the policy of the editors
of Jewish papers to speak of their brethren,
who have accepted the principles of Christ, in
a most questionable and injurious manner,
even though many of as would gladly give our
lives if we could, by so doing, save our
brethren.
To illustrate the fact that we are ever ready
to help our brethren, when Queen Marie of
Rumania visited Baltimore, at the time when
our brethren were suffering much persecution
in her country, the Baptists of Maryland were
holding their annual state convention. I pre-
sented a resolution, which was unanimously
passed by that body of people, urging the queen
to use her influence and put an end to such per-
secution. That resolution was published by
practically all of the daily papers in the United
States. Happily, soon after, the condition of
our brethren across the sea improved and I
should like to think that I had a small part.
This may satisfy the curiosity of your corre-
spondent. If he, or any other, desires any fur-
ther information, I should be happy to furnish
same.
JACOB GARTENHAUS.

HAVE only a single comment to make on the
foregoing and that is that Evangelist Gartenhaus
pays himself too high a compliment if he believes
for a moment that he had the slightest influence in
changing Rumania's policy toward the Jews. The
fact is that long after the queen returned home out-
rages continued to such a degree that protests were
launched by Rabbi Stephen Wise, the late Louis
Marshall and others. Diplomatic conferences were
held by Jewish leaders and Rumania's representa-
tives in this country. As a result of all this there
has been only a slight improvement in Jewish con-
ditions in Rumania.

@

;

-o

WHENEVER I used to read one of Mr. Marshall's
scorching letters to an individual who had in
his opinion championed intolerance I used to think
of Lincoln, who vowed that every time the "thing"
(slavery) raised its head he would whack it every
opportunity he got. So Louis Marshall determined
to hit intolerance wherever its stuck its ugly head,
even though it rested on the shoulders of an impor-
tant individual. It would be impossible to mention
even the names of those with whom he took issue
on matters of Jewish interest. And when he wrote
a letter of criticism the one who received it felt it
because Marshall knew how to arrange his facts
and drive home his points. lie undoubtedly felt
deeply as a Jew because he had 'the passion of a
crusader in fighting those he felt had injured his

I

('S

SAID Herbert Hoover: "My loyal
friend, Louis Marshall."
The question has been in the
minds of many people: Mow did
('resident Hoover happen to use
the expression, " my loyal friend"?
Was it just a courtesy to a great
man or a truthful expression on
the part of the President of the
United States when he said, "I
am deeply grieved ... His Jewish
brethren will long remember his
successful labors ... But above all
he will linger in my memory as a
loyal friend ..."
If you want to listen to us, we
say that these remarks were not
merely based on courtesy and con-
vention. Herbert Hoover knew
Louis Marshall intimately, very
intimately. During these last 12
years they had been coming in con-
tact with each other time and
again on relief, food and com-
munal matters. Besides, Mr. Mar.
shall had helped earnestly to elect
Herbert Hoover as president. In
spite of his 72 years the famous
Jew spoke vigorously and often in
behalf of the famous engineer.
Traveling on trains, putting up at
hotels and using his tremendous
voice and sharp wit to further the
cause of Herbert )kover—this was
Marshall's contribution outside of
financial help. And in spite of the
fact that he first refused to lift a
finger for the Republican party if
they would not silence or repudi-
ate Bishop Cannon and his anti-
Jewish statements.
You may well remember we told
you after election of what hap-
pened at that famous luncheon in
New York last October. In the
presence of Herbert hoover and
the Republican party leaders,
Marshall shouted angrily that he
was not so narrow a Republican
as to support the party if it toler-
ated bigotry in its ranks! Mr.
hoover listened earnestly to his
incisive remarks and acted accord-
ingly. Louis Marshall won.
By the way, it was pointed out
by a newspaper man in Washing-
ton the other day that Mr. Mar-
shall would have received just as
warm a tribute from the occupant
of tne White House if Smith had
been elected president. For curi-
ously enough, Alfred E. Smith also
used the words, "personal friend"
. . . "I always had the benefit of
his advise . . . I lose a personal
friend."
Democrats and Republicans evi-
dently can understand a great man
and a leading Jew.

IN Washington Marshall was in-
indeed a familiar figure. When,
at any time, the news spread
among the press that Louis Mar-
shall was in the capital to appear
before the Immigration Commit-
tee, there was sure to be a large
crowd of reporters on hand to
watch for impressive fiveworks he
let loose on Albert Johnson's com-
mittee in the House. Frequently
and forcefully Mr. Marshall plead-
ed in behalf of the cause of more
liberal immigration, though not
always successfully.
In the Supreme Court of the
United States he was an even more

frequent advocate. His fame a,
constitutional lawyer quite natu!•
ally brought him many ta,k,
that august body. It has been
that he himself could have
member of the Supreme Cow;
he had been willing to accept
appointment. William Ile,
Taft knew Mr. Marshall u
through his presidential career a. i
service as chief justice..

it

A MAYER and a Meyer buzzed
around the White House last
week and set newspapermen haz.
zing even more. The fact flee
Eugene Meyer was a house gu• t Gti
of ('resident Hoover immediately
upon returning from a Europ,an
trip put the loud speaker on whio-
perings frequently repeated that
Meyer is still to be appointed to a
diplomatic post. The Jewish gen-
tleman has assured us otherwise,
but we have learned to take de-
nials with a large grain of salt. In
fact there is a rule in Washington
that the more forceful the denial,
the more likelihood of truth in the
rumor.
Louis Mayer is the other Jew
who has been taking time by the
forelock and setting the social sea-
son in motion with elaborate en-
tertainments for Ambassador So-
and-So and Minister So-and-So.
Why? Now, I will ask one. There
is no real news about another dip-
lomatic offer to this Mayer, but We
know he is still very intimate and
friendly with a gentleman whose
initials are 11. II. and who lives at
1600 Pennsylvania avenue. Watch
your newspaper for a flash on the
movie magnate of California.

ALMOST,

almost we were to
hear the debate of the century.
Alas, it is not to be.
Last year Frank R. Kent wrote
his agitating book "Political Be-
havior" and it drew fire from many
observers in Washington who dis-
agreed with the veteran corm- :Al•
spondent of the Baltimore Sun.
Among Kent's critics was Frederic
William Wile, active member of
a
B'nai B'rith and the board of trus-
tees of the Jewish Community
;1;.
Center.
, 1;
Kent thinks politics are all
"blab" and cannot find adjectives
enough to characterize it's low-
down nature. Wile avers politics
is on a higher level. Both men
ought to know something about
politics after these many years in
service close to the leading offi-
cials in the capital. "Let 'em fight
it out publicly."
The projected battle between
-)
Wile and Kent would have brought
many important public officials to
the ringside. Perhaps the l'resi-
dent himself ' would have been
tempted to come and listen to this
verbal exchange of fisticuffs.
But, we weep, this debate is not
to be. Wile accepted the invita- 'I.
tion of the Jewish Center, but
Kent replied: "Fred speaks too
fluently for me, I would rather not
debate him." Too bad, say poli-
ticians, the politically-minded and
the political scribblers of this
town.

Books and Authors

Sumerian Influence on He-
brew Culture.

THE SUMERIANS. By Profes-
sor C. Leonard Woolley. Pub-
lished by Oxford University
Press, 114 Fifth avenue, New
York.
That Sumerian culture had a
great influence upon later Hebraic
life and culture is the contention of
Professor Woolley, the noted arch-
aeologist, in his latest volume,
"The Sumerians."
Professor Woolley here sets out
to prove that the Sumerians had a
civilization which antedated the
Egyptian civilization by about
2,000 years. We are told that the
Sumerian culture reached a high
state by 3,500 B. C., and that Su-
merian culture hod swamped the
then known world.
To prove the influence of the
Sumerians on Hebrew life and
law, Professor Woolley refers to
"an old custom recognized by the
Sumerian 'Law of Nisaba and

Mani' whereby a son had the right
to clai mhis share of the inheri-
tance during his father's lifetime
(a custom which persisted hog
amongst the Jews, as witness the
parable of the Prodigal Son)."
Quoting the story of Abraham,
Sarah and Hagar, Professor Woe'.
ley tolls us that "in every detail
Abraham was not acting weakly
or arbitrarily but was putting into
practice the old Sumerian late in
which he had been brought or'
"But it is in the more abstract
realm of ideas." Professor Weel•
ley claims, "that the Sumerians
have most obviously and most , l-
rectly contributed to the (ha. ,
ment of western civilizx •
through the Hebrew people. . •
only did the Semites adopt ran q`
made those stories of the Creat ■ -e
and the Flood which viewed a- , 1
tory or as parable have att.. '•
the Christian even more that
Jewish Church; the Jewish r
ion, as it owed not a little

(Turn to Next Page).

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