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President
Editor
General Manager

JOSEPH J. CUMMINS
JACOB MARGOLIS
JACOB H. SCHAKNE

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December 3, 1926

Kislev 27, 5686

Pilsudski Blunders.

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countries are not mere fictional paradises, but are hav-
ens where it is possible to build up a healthy economic
life, for those whose condition in East Europe is des-
perate.
The experiences of the last decade have convinced
our people that a survey of the land must be made to
ascertain the possibility of absorption and success. The
Mexican mess has been an object lesson which proved
conclusively that mass colonization without adequate
organization in a strange land, among alien people, is
doomed to failure. The Russian colonization scheme on
the other hand has proven succesful as evidenced from
the ICA experiments, even should the J. D. C. move-
ment be left out of the picture, for the ICA has settled
7,800 farmers with a population of 36,845 on an area
of 95,905 hectares of land in Southern Russia.
The Joint Distribution Committee is doing a very
effective piece of work in relieving the acute distress in
Poland. If the organization is dissolved after the ex-
piration of three years then the work must be carried
on by other organizations, which must liquidate the
chronic maladjustment of East European economic life.
The ICA, the Ozet, Ort and Him are such organizations.
In Russia and Poland the J. I). C. has carried on work
of similar character, but with as little duplication as
possible under existing conditions.
All of these agencies must be co-ordinated so that
the acute phases of the economic maladjustment may
be liquidated, but the solution of the larger chronic
problem depends upon scientific study and objective
understanding of all the factors involved. In the past,
there was the hope that the immigration restrictions
would be but temporary. This illusion has been dissi-
pated. Nobody with a knowledge of present tenden-
cies believes any longer that the repeal of the immigra-
tion law is possible within the next 20 years. No real-
ists can be persuaded that enthusiasm and emotional
idealism can settle families in a country whose econom-

Vladimir
Jabotinsky

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HEROIC FARMERS OF
BESSARABIA WINNING OUT

An Impression.

By IRMA MAY

By Man Shulman,

(Editor's Note:—Miss May, whose eye-witness account of Jewish
suffering in the hunger-belt of Poland, Galicia and Roumania last
winter helped rouse American Jewry in the greatest effort yet made
to help their brethren abroad through the United Jewish Campaign,
recently revisited these same regions. She was accompanied by
Miss Hortense Breckler of Cincinnati, formerly a child care worker
of the Joint Distribution Committee in Europe. The following
account records the changes she found in the old Jewish farm settle-
ments in Roumania, which she had last seen six months ago in the

Had Vladimir Jabotinsky chosen to
devote his remarkable powers to an
alien cause, or participate in the polit-
ical life of another nation, I am sure
he would have attained the highest
possible honors. But he had chosen
to champion the cause of his oppressed
people instead. With a wanderer's
throes of famine.)
staff in hand, like an arch-exile he goes
from country to country to knock at
medicaments, and gave funds for
One of the paramount problems of
the heart of his people, to awaken
building houses. To top the misery
he Jewish colonists in Bessarabia is
t
of the colonists, the failure of crops
their national conscience, and to rouse
he question of land. I discussed it
t
hit them right in the very beginning
them from their apathy and lethargic
vith the local relief workers on my
of their efforts.
indifference.
ormer visit, heard about it from the
f
Of medium height, with a swarthy
Miss Breckler and I while we were
olonists, and saw it with my very
C
complexion, and pronounced features,
still in Kishenelf had been asked by a
yes. Two or three acres of land are
he makes a striking appearance on the
few men from Serbeszty to come and
not enough to give the farmer a mini-
platform. He has a commanding per-
visit their colony. And as we neared
mum of livelihood. Possibly a Moldav-
sonality and is an orator of rare force
Serbeszty, we were glad we had kept
ian peasant, whose standard of living
and intense dramatic power. It is abil-
is very low, can eke out a living, but
ity to make his convictions appear
Jewish colonist cannot manage it and
l :n in the valley, we saw a
our IVia) y7 I'iis
a
axiomatic, as the simplest truth of
is never really self-supporting. A
number of small, isolated houses. The
every day, is remarkable. His energy
large number of Jewish families re-
Jewish colonies in Bessarabia are as a
is contagious, his enthusiasm electri-
ceived land in 1923, during the great
rule very old settlements, well built up
fies, his passion sweeps one along like
agrarian reform, and, together with
and established. Serbeszty is primi-
a torrent. He knows instinctively how
the old settlers, have been in need of
tive, new and very poor. Most of the
to sway the emotions of huge audi-
help ever since. The new colonists had
houses are more like shacks, built by
ences. There is in his voice a vibra-
to be aided, given tools, credits, and in-
the hands of colonists, many of them
tion that electrifies, an impulsion that
struction. Most of them came 011 the
still unfinished, just under roof, or
carries one along. There is a wide
land empty-handed, while the old set-
partially covered with roofs. Must of
difference between a rhetorician and
tlers had to be given assistance during
them are unfurnished, with the fami-
an orator. The difference is the same
the period of readjustment, after the
lies sleeping on the bare ground. We
as between a politician and a leader,
Roumanian occupation. The entire
has been told so much about the mar-
or between a politician and a states-
scope of life changed. The closing of
velous improvement of conditions in
man. And Mr. Jabotinsky is a great
the old markets in Russia, the neces-
Serbeszty, that we found affected us
orator. With his oratory is not merely
sity of seeking new outlets, of chang-
very depressingly. Every one in the
a vehicle through which he champions
ing from extensive to intensive agri-
colony was still suffering from malar-
a cause, but an art which he raised to
culture, were the real problems of the
ia. The recent rains had caused a
the highest level. His oratory does not
Jewish farmer in Bessarabia.
general relapse. The faces of the
consist of ponderous sentences that
people, of all the children, were yel-
On top of this came the famine,
settle themselves spontaneously into a
low, fallen in. The adults were aged
which for a period of two years stop-
classical harmony. The calmly
prematurely, while all the children
ped almost all constructive activities.
chiselled oratory of an Asquith is not
were underdeveloped. I did not once
When I was in Bessarabia last winter,
his. Rather it is the tempestuous elo-
guess the age of a child correctly.
we SAW and discussed hunger every-
quence of a Lloyd George. Mr. Jab-
They were always four or five years
where, constantly—but the problem of
otinsky's opponents hoped that he
older than Miss Breckler or I esti-
land came up constantly as well, as
would ruin himself by exaggeration,
mated.
one of the chief dangers looming in the
by inadvertent remarks, or by • an in-
•
The chief complaints of the colonists
future .
judicious handling of the political sit-
were shortage of money and lack of
The wide-spread system of co-oper-
uation. They were all utterly elisap-
health. The famine which had struck
atives,
spread
all
over
Bessarabia,
Mr. Jabotinsky has won
pointed.
them like everyone else. struck more
reaching into almost every settlement
golden opinions from all classes of the
severely in Serheszty than elsewhere.
where Jews were living and working,
Jewish population in Palestine. For
They had no resources, either physi-
was unable to cope with this costly
revisionism is nothing else but a vig-
cal or material, no homes where they
problem. The moneys advanced by
orous political campaign carried on in
could hide themselves, they were all
the Joint Reconstruction Foundation
a free country with perfectly legiti-
diseased. The two years of incessant
were destined for credits, buying tools
mate methods. What frightens pea-
sickness ruined them almost complete-
and domestic animals only, and while
pie is merely the boldness with which
ly. Serbeszty was the first and only
land in Bessarabia was very cheap at
he says in public the things which they
colony in Bessarabia which affected '
that time, there was no money to buy
are discussing in private.
me pathetically. it is also the only
new
ground.
Mr. Jabotinsky has a penetrating
colony in Bessarabia where the bun-
Going to northern Bessarabia was
insight into human character, and is
ger-relief work is still being carried
like going home for me. The station
able to probe into the very secrets of
in Markuleschti looked so familiar, the
on.
one's being. The psychological feelers
driver, and the little delegation which
Everyone in the colony was working.
he sends nut to test every man with
awaited
us
greeted
us
warmly,
glad
to
The tobacco industry is the great
whom he conies in contact show an un-
see us all. We dashed up to the hotel
source of income, and the fertile land
usual experience of dealing with men,
where I had stopped before, and the had yielded a very fine crop. The
and of making them subservient to his
sanie red-haired girl took our grips.
houses were hung with long strings
will.
Conquering the Famine.
of tobacco leaf, drying in the sun. The
He is a most modern journalist. Ile
Markuleschti is one of the largest
living conditions in Serbeszty are still
wields his pen with inspiration and
Jewish settlements. It is not purely
unspeakably bad. The living room,
power. He never manufactures an
agricultural, because a large number
the only room a house contains, is a
article, but writes because he has
of Jews there are craftsmen, middle-
small factory in the day-time. Amidst
something to say, and he says it with
men and merchants. We arrived on a
a large heap of tobacco leaves, chit-
a force of conviction that never fails
Sunday, and the streets were filled
dren and women were seated, sorting
to drive the point home, which always
with wagons and peasants who had and stringing the leaves. The odor is
encourages his friends, and not infre-
come to town to sell their products
penetrating, all sorts of insects and
quently disarms his opponents.
and exchange them for salt, kerosene, worms were creeping around and in-
Ile is a great educator of Jewish
and possibly a few beads for the kid-
stead of complaints, which one would
public opinion, and he endeavors to
dies. We took a long walk through the
naturally expect, everybody comment-
remove the paralyzing stigma of fear
market-place, really amazed at the
ing on how much better off they are
that is dogging the path of Jewish
picturesque attires and appearances
this year, as compared with the prey-
National effort. Ile bids us throw off
which surrounded us. What a change ious ones.
the last vestiges of exilic cowardice
since my last trip! Instead of corn-
People here have suffered so much
and face our problems boldly like free
plete absence of food—food was in
that they have forgotten what normal
men and free Jews.
abundance, fruits, vegetables, pota-
life, normal crops, are. Everyone was
The influence of Mr. Jabotinsky on
toes, corn. Of course, the presence of
delighted by the crop, but the relief
the Zionist movement generally, on the
food does not mean that everybody can
committee worker told us that the
local Hebrew press, and on the
have it—a situation similar to that in
crops were just medium, somewhat he-
strengthening of the national pride of
Poland last year, when food was plen-
low medium. However, the danger of
Jewry both within and without Pales-
tiful and yet so many starving for lack
hunger had already been averted, and
tine has been tremendous.
of it. This situation is particularly
that is more than one could have said
Things are shaping themselves far
had in Markuleschti, where so many
two years ago or one year ago.
more rapidly than we imagine. The
people depend on earnings and not on
complete collapse of the policy of the
Some day in the future, Serbeszty
soil. We made a family happy by buy-
Zionist organization is gradually
will be a fine, prospering colony. Ev-
ing out the entire supply of candy,
bringing things to a head. The
ery family possesses six acres of land,
• to take along with us
which we wanted
fifteenth Zionist Congress may have
a better average than any other colony
to Serbeszty, a small colony we were
to face a momentous decision. Should
can boast of. The land is excellent,
bound for.
that moment arrive, Mr. Jabotinsky
very fertile. But work is still before
Serbeszty was inaccessible on my
will have an opportunity of putting
them, and they are anxious to fight the
last trip, because the roads were im-
his policy to the test. But whatever
battle, providcdtheyhavethestrength.
passable. We went as far as Marku-
the issue Mr. Jabotinsky is bound to
battle, provided they have the
leschti and had to turn hack, just like
play a distinguished role in Jewish
strength.
the food transport which was bound
history, and bring us a step nearer to
Eventually, they will win out. They
for Serbeszty and had to turn hack, de-
the realization of our historic dream,
are winning already. But were it not
spite the urgency of the shipment. My
for the assistance of the Joint Distri-
first question when we came to Bess-
bution Committee, they would have
arabia was whether we would go to
MISFORTUNE
been conquered long ago.
Serbeszty, and that day we were near
And as we were once more sitting
the realization of my wishes.
misfortune
befalls
you
don't
If
in the cab and the little houses of Ser-
Serbeszty
was
of
such
particular
in-
magnify it by dwelling excessively
beszty growing smaller and smaller, I
terest to me, because it is really a
upon it. Rather lighten and reduce
thought how little a man in New York
Joint Distribution Committee colony
it by placing in comparison alongside
or Chicago or San Francisco could
in Bessarabia. Were it not for Dr.
of it the blessings you still have
surmise of how his dollar would almost
Kahn, European director of the J. D.
which are always more numerous
circle the globe and bring life to the
C., who took a particular interest in
than you at first thought and which
stricken in Bessarabia.
that colony and assigned funds for re-
by assembling them you emphasize
But some day, when the entire ac-
lief work there, the entire colony
and enlarge.
tion will he long forgotten in America,
would have perished two years ago.
When I consider the diverse and
the little colony of Serbeszty will be a
The story of Serbeszty is one which
multitudinous possibilities of mis-
lasting and living monument and re-
can be readily compared with the story
fortune in life I cease to wonder that
minder of the life-saving efforts of
of first pioneers, colonies, anywhere in
I am more sur-
there is trouble.
American Jewry.
the world. The story of Serbeszty is
prised that we have not more of it.
sufficient in itself to prove that all the
We are not forsaken. God is better
stories about the lack of courage, per-
to us than most of us realize, much
MORE OBSERVED
sistence, and imagination among the
better than some of us deserve. Our
Jews are a lie. Many may lack it, but
conceit and undue expectation pre-
I have made several European
out there in Bessarabia is a group of
vent us from seeing this but this only
journeys that included the company
men, women and children which with-
makes our unworthiness more posi-
of a few sons of friends of mine. It
stood the greatest hardships and pri-
tive and prominent—The Supple-
has been an interesting and instruc-
vations, who suffered, fought, and died
ment.
tive study to observe these young
for the idea of possessing land and
fellows. How they betray their
toiling on it.
This is the story of Serbeszty. Three
home-life! When a l'hd comes to
COST AND CONSEQUENCE
years ago the Roumanian government
breakfast day after day without bid-
assigned new land to the inhabitants
ding his companions and myself
When a lad in his early teens who
of Rashkov and Kushnitzka, 20 Jew-
"good morning," when he consumes
scarcely knows yet to keep his ears
ish families, about 90 souls received
his meal without courteous consider-
clean is not only permitted but en-
six acres of land each. The land be-
ation of the comfort, pleasure or even
couraged by his father because he
longed formerly to the minister of edu-
right of others, when he leaves the
can easily afford it to go to a mani-
cation in Russia, Mr. Kasso, one of the
table animal-like when he has fin-
cure to have his nails polished, I feel
greatest anti-Semites Russia had. All
ished without excusing himself, he
that that father could stand polish for
that the families received was land.
exposes to thoughtful intelligence
his own brain.
There were no houses, no roads, noth-
We are not justified in doing a
that the members of his household
ing but wonderfully fertile, rich land,
thing merely because we can afford it.
may have grown in wealth but not in
a real treasure for those families who
refinement.
Consequence is sometimes a more im-
had never owned anything.
portant consideration than cost. A
With too many people home is a
They went out there empty-handed,
parent who heaps a child with over-
place to do as one pleases instead of
willing and ready to fight their own
flowing indulgences of luxury is al-
as one should. Parents would do
battle. But they were conquered by a
most certain to rob it of future ap-
well to remember that instruction in
foe which sapped every bit of their
preciation and happiness.
I chafed
courtesy for their children is often-
energy and strength—by malaria. All
under many of the denials of my
times a surer passport to favor in
of the 20 Jewish and 30 Moldavian
youth. I am now grateful for their
the world than contribution in cash.
families became ill with malaria. The
Providential product —The Supple-
The lavishment of money upon an
frightful housing conditions, the dug-
ment.
ill-bred child only advertises his
outs and trenches which they used for
boorishness.
their dwellings, were responsible for
Rich people ought to be more
BASE
it, The leader of the local relief work
cautious of themselves than others.
told me that when he visited Serbeszty
They
are more observed.—The Sup-
If I had the tonal quality of rams
at noon-time, two years ago, the entire
plement.
people who occasionally blow their
population was lying on the roadside,
nose no boisterously at church wor-
stretched out, unable to move. Noon
ship even during a solemn prayer I
You know the falcon by his flight
is the crucial hour for malaria suffer-
and the brave by his deeds.
should hire myself out as the base
ers. The Jews and the Russians were
horn of a brass band. Such people
affected alike, and there was not a per-
are base in sense as well as in senses.
lie need not search his pockets for
son in the colony who could hand his
—The Supplement,
in
neighbor a glass of water.
words.
It
was
at
this
time
that
the
Joint
Ozet must
We are relatives; we have dried
Distribution Committee assigned mon.
if you rare for the guest you must
our rags in the same sun.
eys for relief work, sent clothing and
feed his dog, too.

It would seem that the experiences of dictators
should have convinced Marshal Joseph Pilsudski of the
futility of such methods. When the May revolution
hoisted him into power, he had the support of the lib-
oral and labor groups and minority groups, for they had
hoped that he would adopt a policy consistent with
freedom and democracy for the regime which was
ousted was distinctly reactionary, autocratic and
chauvinist, and was backed by the large land owners.
For a time the new government seemed determined
to correct the abuses, corruption and graft which had
honeycombed the Grabski regime. The Bartel ministry
had promised in unequivocal language that the eco-
nomic and political discrimination to which the minor-
ities had been subjected would be no longer resorted
to, as it had been discovered from experience that
Polish industry and trade could not be built up with is possibilities
are beyond absorption
capacity.
If these organizations
are to justify
their existence,
they must make careful studies of the emigrants as well
such methods.
The Club of Jewish Deputies in the Sejm went on as careful surveys of the economic, social, cultural and
record
favor
of the of new
and voted but
con-
fidence in not
because
any government
special agreements,
be climatic conditions of the countries to which these emi-
grants may be sent. The whole question of Jewish mal-
cause it believed that the Pilsudski government was
sincere and honest in its attempt to liquidate and solve adjustment
in Efficiency
Eastern Europe
must be approach
divorced must
of sen-
timentality.
and scientific
be
the numerous difficult problems confronting it.
substituted. We are satisfied that much can and will be
one with a knowledge
of the facts
of Polish
eco- have dedicated themselves to
n No
achieved
by the
men
who
comic and industrial life hoped for a quick and easy this task. They should receive the same support which
liquidation or even an approximation of it, but because American Jewry has given to these undertakings in the
of the frank admission that the policy of economic dis- past.
crimination was found disastrous it was expected that
for a time at least an effort would be made to meet the
That Russian Jewish Republic.
situation with good will, and with a regard for the sensi-
The question of the Jewish autonomous republic in
bilities of all groups interested in raising the level of
Polish prosperity. It was hoped that the inefficient Russia has again come up for discussion at the Confer-
of the Ozet in Moscow. This time, however, the
bureaucratic methods that had really brought about the
debacle in Polish affairs would be relegated to limbo.
These methods had brought nothing but misery and dis- artificial. fictional and bizarre elements which char-
content to Poland, making it possible to overthrow the acterized
Siberian us scheme
are of
missing.
The Siberia
republic the
impressed
as a piece
imaginative
writing
overnment
and the
achieve
with from
practically
no
effort on
part the of revolution
Pilsudski,
the pen of Elias Tobenkin. Be that as it may, the
government
speech of Kalinin at the Ozet conference is of much
At no time did we expect that economic status of different stuff. It proceeds on the solid theory that it
Polish
Jewry
would be
appreciably
improved,
there was
a complete
change
in the land
laws of unless
Poland is but natural that the compact settlement of large num-
bers of people speaking a common language, with like
which would result in the division of the large estates traditions and not essentially dissimilar backgrounds
of the Polish nobility and a realistic industrial policy will of necessity produce a definite culture which will
hich would reopen the textile factories in Lodz, Bia- mark it off from the other cultural groups.
which
Soviet Russia has recognized the autonomous groups
lostock and Vilna.
Does Pilsudski believe that the new press law pat- as independent entities as far as it is consistent with
terned after those of Mussolini will bring prosperity? the centralized bureaucracy which now exists. The
Does he hope that repression will achieve for the Soviet union is made up of Federated States, each in-
Poles that well being which only economic and Indus- dependent in its cultural sphere. If a sufficiently large
trial resurrection can bring? Does he imagine that number of Jews would settle in a particular locality,
political instrumentalities can cure the dislocations there would be but little objection to admitting this
caused by an unbalanced budget and an excessive milt- group as a sister state in the Federated union. Even
tary establishment? Does he believe that playing the today there are districts in Russia, where the language
role of Ceasar will banish unemployment and starva- of the schools, courts, newspaper and business is Yid-
tion? He may become the bombastic, intriguing dic- dish. This was impossible under czarism, even in those
tator a la Mussolini. He may silence all opposition. He cities or communities that were preponderantly Jewish.
may even give the cities the same outward marks of for the reason that under czarism a definite program of
cleanliness and prosperity which superficial observers Russianization was carried on, especially among the
saw in Italy, but at the core it will be just as rotten as minority peoples who sought to maintain their cultural
autonomy. The case of superimposing Russia upon the
is Fascism.
The megalomanic Mussolini made many extrava- Poles is the most flagrant case in point. The reaction
gant promises. He can keep none of them and in a fit of the Poles against Russia was terrific when once the
of desperation he may even precipitate a war to main- old regime loosed its grip upon the subservient peoples
tain his prestige and power. Pilsudski may do the same that had suffered under stupid, bungling czarism.
The realists in charge of Russian affairs know that
thing. If these dictators resort to such heroic gambles,
all of Europe may again become a shambles with Italy as long as the executive body, the Politburo controls the
political affairs of the union, that the granting of cul-
and Poland, the greatest sufferers.
tural autonomy to the federated states that they will
more readily consent to accept the economic and politi-
East European Jewish Emigration Possi- cal decrees of the bureaucracy.
If this was not the definite position of the Soviet
bilities.
According to Dr. James Bernstein, European direc- union in the early days of the revolution, it has become
tor of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (Ilias) the such since the victory of the Stalin faction. The inter-
plight of the Jews of Poland require more than mere nationalism of Trotzky, Zinovieff and Kameneff has
relief measures if a solution for their problems is to be been swamped by the nationist spirit of the peasant
rulers. The Stalin nationalism is not a chauvinist type
found.
Before the war 50,000 Polish Jews emigrated an- that insists upon dominating the other national groups.
nually to the United States. This has been cut off al- It prefers to permit all national cultural groups to de-
most completely. Besides the easing of the situation velop their own particular forms. So when Kalinin
through immigration, the industrial centers of Lodz, speaks of a Jewish nation in Russia, he is giving the of-
Kalisz and Bialostock offered opportunities which now ficial view of the present Soviet government. If on
are closed due to the loss of the Russian market. Even the other hand, the nationalist aspirations of the Jews
should the Russian market be regained, the condition are frowned upon by the Yevzeksia, the Jewish section
of Polish Jewry would still be acute because of the fact of the communist party, it is because the Jewish com-
that the excess of peasants who are unable to remain on munists who are essentially proletarian and interna-
the farms because of lack of land, are crowding into tional have not yet grasped the fact of nationalist ten-
the cities and displacing the Jewish artisans and crafts- dencies in th! Soviet Union.
This recognition of the Jews as a national group
men. Prior to the passage of our restrictive immigra-
tion laws, this excess of landless peasants came to emphasizes the new orientation in Russia. The inter-
America. The prospect of a liberal modification of the national communist revolution is over, despite the fact
immigration law is very remote. Therefore it becomes that certain influential and sincere revolutionists are
necessary to find countries suitable for Jewish immigra- reluctant to recognize the fact. A Jewish republic in
Russia will become a reality only when a sufficiently
tion.
Dr. Bernstein expresses the conviction that thou- large number are settled within a restricted area, which
sands of Jews can find possibilities for starting life, par- can create its own cultural forms. Any artificial state
will have no existence in fact, even though it may have
IP ticularly in South America. In the Republics of Argen-
tine, Uruguay, Chile and Brazil, as well as in Canada, a de jure recognition by the Soviet authorities.
As long as the nationalist spirit freed from internal
Australia and South Africa.
The soundness of the view of Dr. Bernstein receives chauvinism dominates, then it is highly probable that a
confirmation from the conference of the ICA, Jewish Jewish state may come into being.
Whether a Jewish state emerges or not, the real
Colonization Association held in Paris with Jules Phil-
problem confronting Russian Jewry is the creation of a
lipson presiding.
According to the report from Argentine, the colon- solid economic foundation for 3,000,000 people who
ists are prospering. The colonies cover an area of 590,- have been dislocated by the revolution. Let those who
000 hectares, with a population of 33,135. Similarly are at present eengaged in settling the Jews on the land
Rus-
the Brazilian settlement has been placed upon a sound not be disturbed by the talk of Jewish nations
ICA and
economic basis, while the ICA colonies in Canada have sia. The work of the J. D. C., Ort,
repaid more than the ICA expended on them. These be continued with even greater energy and enthusiasm.

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