A merican ffewislr periodical Carter CLIFTON MSC& • CINCINNATI 20, OHIO PAGE SEVEN PeDentonfixisliowstat iv 1.1 I t a t its X Ii- alb. is" pal Ina the la the ap- to lit are ■ 00111•11111111•1.1111.11111r By DR. ISAAC GOLD ■ the 4111- I: ton. the was the duo, heir the ■ will tow mint that daily , for moat en in bably E., stork: high make r ;tined: mune found urea hough work ion of take. la tellinc ele. inter- ar ar- wauti- one of ; beauty s. She !unto m in his pair v/Y rought talden4 queen. lovely n Ilr- I been rd. and hly iv. Mord.- tosition wo k ia Id it is oak of cat hail 'us, but it time. refuse , the hus en. itred is hearing he king royal u on it. What a Cold Day Means Capital , he king nly this ) put an Mord , - awl ades the all the for this :ing lots he other y which at hears ie queen e heaven of the a feast on is in- le queen les in, is d order+ s erected he Jews end web. ear with nbodying la by the ults, and hope for e instead r sorrow. lip reigns in better end pres- to°, may rat. The man is a , the age- icked the s emanci- :e, and in reel have collection , The Jewish Fraternal Orders Nellnille ■ Melliell=1.11111118.11 MINNIANI.2=.1101 A survey of Jewish life in America section the problem of Palestine in the orders. Who will will reveal the fact that the greatest its relation to niasses who ; organized strength of American Jew. maintain that the large is concentrated in the fraternal or- comprise their membership are indif- i r to the restoration of I a ts- ders. These organizations, compara- ferent tine? If their interest does not ex- By Ch.B. H. Joseph.) Designed Important Structures I (Copywrtyht, Int. i lively few in number, will be found press itself in a spontaneous response, and Other In M Says the New Republic with a touch of feeling: Ito contain hundreds of thousands of It is due to the fact that mass emo- I members bound to their lodges, and Large Centers. tions require intelligent leadership to (Bishop Manning's) success is a tribute to the large surplus . !through them to their central organ- x ress themselves concretely and Ms in- wealth of New Yorkers, to their amiability, to their credulity, to , zations, by strong ties of personal en- usefully. Only a novice in organiga. g 'mews FIGURED NOTABLY their regularity, to their power of organization and to their fear of [ cereal and social habits. Anyone tt will expect lare I gagd in a search for the elusive tub maers pposing any cause which obtains otlicial endorsement in pretending ma tters of e IN CITY PLANNING masses to take the initiative in o do with will tind them, in the size and I to be civic, patriotic and religious, but it has nothing to actual t ife, in these or- thia sort. . . .... religion, with democracy or with the making of a community out of I lineaments tit An illustration both of the readi- a f that, ders. Nevertheless i s iact the unruly and dishevelled fragments of the vast, sprawling, heaving Cities Far and Wide Consulted 1 with a few exceptions, which only lens of the t housands of Jews who ',ass of economic tissue which is called New York City. these orders to play an Mc Him on Municipal Projects , serve to make the rule more glaring, conipose the large I portant and t.ffective part ill t these (orders do no t conribute to Jew- lfare, as the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Involving Millions. I the measure that problems touching Jewish we The writer is referring to intelligent h public welf are in :: ,f an •• a ■ US idealistic leadership to evoke the Every once in a while Cleveland, Ohio, breaks out with an anti-Jewish does seem that there have been un- • NEW YORK. —Arnold W. Brun. may be expected from them and do and that. But it ' and potential strength would proper response from the member- I imagine coin:molly frequent exhibitions on the part of some Cleveland newspapero • nee, one of the most distinguished of not wield the influence to which their , ship. is atTorded by the Independent rash. Maybe r entitledthem. as well as prominent Cleveland individuals and organizations of a nasty . American architects. designer tot' the "ambe Jewish life faith in America and in (Inter Writh Sholom of Philadelphia. note that some gentleman connected officiallY I stadium of the College of the City of seem to ent I Through the leadership of Si'! C. prejudice against tip. Jews. I New York, the School of M im ,s at , s b ese t w ith a Ilii a , - 1 1 Wiah 3 , a questionnaire to the with the schools of Cleveland has been iAauing a combinat ia a of an income !Columbia and every other i nd other other important cities, died build. herc multitude of country chalh-nging problems. I Kraus, grand Irrith master, Shalom and has taken s the raus , the and Negro pupils of the high schools that i ngs in this apneu in t i live There is the task of Jewish education ' K I f I ft form. on and wa monia. report, a life insurance exam inati of Brunner was born in this city in America, the problem of reran- a leading part in the work for the ' r-dranever fill o ut a red p ort , r ecently tax t sun would th at ity .'" 11 "N•es ' d in th e U nited State Mr. Cleveland, Ohio, I promise you sought to emphasize religious or racial differences. The Jews of that I city have a right to protest against such stupid and un-American per:Sept. 25, 1857, and here was and educated at otructing Jewish life of in building eastern Eu- I'm the public schools in '.%lan• I rope, the Pales- Directly the and Keren indirectly this order has that h. problem National Jewish Home- enriched Ilayesoil by near- the ' " f ; • 00 • 500 "f Whirl' 'In ward chaster, England, later still tini, the Problem of combating anti- •• formances. :: , m in America and elsewhere, $25,00 was contributed out of its Smith 8 7 7 to 1579, at the ! hind kb treasury. At the present time, the Technol- lesson in Americanization: Rollin Kirby, the famous World ear- two Years, from 1 ow widens of organizing c onist, pictures four boys, one holding the American thtg, their nanws are I Ma-eachusetto Institute of I. la one of the most important for Palestine and to Fritz Bauerschmidt, Antonio Nlasculo, A hrithatu Horowitz and Michael ogY. For many years his headquar- h • Hogan, and underneath runs this line: "Georn. Washilgton is the Father tern for the practice of his profession communal country--t" mention sonic life of in the this more outstand- factors in the work had been in this city. Most of Mr. Brunner's works weer !lig ones. What role are the Jewish , the interest which its services to the of My Country." These are the real 100 per centers. of guy- fraternal orders playing in the ef- impelled Mr. Kraus to undertake a --;;------ t er , edifice s ' d' a public charac :Aliment ownership to torts towards working out a solution Korn sod has with aroused has now .. , or belonging visit Hato: to Palestine the object of William 1.yons Phelps lit must be our Yale friend), writing in the cur :Aliment surveying the possibilities of the institutions such as colleges or him- for these problems? Like It," has this statement: extend ing his • • rent Scribner's, under the caption, "As I country with a view to • With the exception of the B'nal a ( or- p itals. In New Y or , the Independent Order B'rith services and the services of his or- the two works already mentioned, he R' \% M. Pierre Brisson, in an essay in the Paris daily Comeilia, called Sholom of Philadelphia and the Or- ganization. prepared the architectural pans . "Le Theatre Juif," said that the Jews wrote the largest proportion of Mr. Kraus became interested in the lditng . at ilitarnarid ,ter Sons of Zion, the public affairs ch(i.iiiStulle dntfsi', Bmui i u contemparary plays in Paris. In addition to two dramatists of cam- . of the American Jewish community movement at the time of Dr. Weiz- Henry Bernstein, Sinai "f I ta manding importance, Georges (le Porto-Itiche Bad ?' ti r 1 1 , a 11 a the Jewish people generaly went mann's first visit in Philadelphia. Ile 'l 1 I ct o t tree projei Tristan Bernard, Pierre Wolff, Francis de Croisset, Edmond Had i N astir y an center to be matters of no momentous con- devoted himself to it with all his mag- there ar ritifart ,;:i a7!ohrba, hmuniiciopfa Fifty See, Nozierre, Alfred Savoir and many others. It appears that it is easy tozicrrr, - ninth cern to thew organizations. In their netic energy and his order followed name a long list, perhaps a clear majority of idaywrights. him with enthusiasm, becoming the Jew's are • cas e, the saying of the Psalmist needs stree:tean 1 ' 4;VV(Ornth'' v( nut been ` • to But is there anything in his thesis? it believes that the Jew be reserved, for they, who are cap- most important Jewish organizatMn rrob11111; rigid out the result 1 Woult 'l all alike in a certain downrightness; that they have more force than I 1 ley es in Phila. e eren aveso« II , 1greatest „ihifur- :dile of being the cornerstone of the : . i n the K r . ' it P ,r,niinsn . (hres have seen NI intelligence; more brutality than subtlety; more sensuality than ten- a de 1 , d 1 h • seem not to enter into the I 1 h • M r. K'' ' nu ' inv In "' u . It own ' r. f ' edifice re at all. The Wnai Writh is, ' dolphin in. mon eume en t 11 fur derness. Their works are "stronger" than the works of other French- intimate e•ircle where Palestine had nished the designs for the suggested structure ten a nuttier of indifference, and of course, in a class by itself. Its bran men. undertaking. • • impulse was Jewish public succeeded in converting large num- Among the chief examples of !dr. • original now ex pacts, on his return Ilere's the way Professor Phelps sizes up the situation: • and, although it has not re- fibers. Ile "runner's art to be found elsewhere service as whole-heartedly to the more 'from Palestine, to interest his wealthy err Olt ter Cadet II( spit I at west Point, • acted t Jewish needs as to the older , acquaintance, to make still more con- don't believe there is anything in it. It is true that : Personally, I ' r G )Othic a "of le; ter C•itnt.: ' in 'the with t ibutions for fate - tine both through Jews, but I cannot see that Jewish human and the ‘Sit:11- re cen it is, nevertheless, imbued many plays are written by col Park State Buildings • nature is really ally different from other human nature; any more ' of Jewish public service and I !the Eerell Ilavesoil and in other ways. h e, spirit 10V ers ,tiers' and Sailors' Memorial Bridge1 t °5" TIN ex I. C ntt • as than I believe that Americans are more materittlistic or keener it may be hoped that in time the 1 ,, . Ruing ' t " P "" • : at Harrisburg, Pa.; the custom house '' the"e wi s h problems, estawially plorer. . of money than Europeans. : and court house in Cleveland, wherei n „.er J e memberof the Jewish fra- member find !he hal much to do with the modern I reconstruction of Palestine, will Innt • k to I Hers are thoroughly imbued Thanks muchly, Professor, for those honest words'. the dace on its program inprovements in "city planning, a n ::----- o entitled. The reconstruc- with Jewish sentiment and are inter- did also in Baltimore, and the hicl h •t. • does occupy such a wi led in Jewish welfare. . They are I note where the three h,, Well, religion is going on apace in Canada. . Monumental Bridge ill Toledo, Ohio. ' lion of ! Pirtle:gine Order ready to express ,. this interest can denominations have merged in the Coiled Church I Mr. Brunner was the architect of the • will 'most important I and enthusiastically.'t organization But this of Henry S. Frank Synagogue, which is Sons place of on Zion. the program the of Canada. Says the Christian Scienct. NIonitor: reason lenders of all of them enhance their by of • a Dart of the Jewish Hospital in Phila- also is in a class by itstlf, , stige, as well as th.tt of their o. ',,,i ' pre of the fact that the restoration of a . Church union in Canada is an expression of the desire of many I d,:ipbia, • h ee in- Palestine acted as the original iin- • organizations, making o f t 1, em th people to see the more practical application of religion in daily life. City Planning Authority. I struments of constructive effort Mr. Brunner's eceptional knowl- I pulse in its creation. and age when the Protestants i which they should be, by utilizing this of course, that the pri- I Another miracle may happen in this day . • . treat his brethren ed u. ' of the architectural problems of ' • ' • t • x about the ! sentiment and gitIng • . • I hi', 11:11111 OMgreatt expect . a 7. tile modern American city, mc to ing mart' i mpulse that brougt of Canada, disciples of fra- [ direction in the way this has been . much. We don't creation of most of the Jewish the B'rith with some degree of brotherly love. Not cat n the arrangement of streets and parks, appl „ by the leadership of 1 orders was purely a personal d on It takes time for a "practic aliio rec- • ligious revolution so life." suddenly. of religion in daily But now that the Protestants themselves are , every phase of a city's plan, was Sholant. beginning to break down the artificial and un-Christian barriers which the. Ilection I ognized In many instances t • . member and , to the for commissions having charge imaterial t one—the desire to provide certain benefits JEWS CHOOSE erected as sort of "spite fences" perhaps the (lay is not far distant in Canada his family. The social aspect of the , of great municipal improvements. Be ' natural developmentIIPOLISH TEN LEADING FIGURES when they will break down the "hate fences" they have erected between . had been a member of the Art Cam- i lodges came as a the association of individuals themselves and their Jewish neighbors. Y ork, president of the from mission f New " who had a common hickground of WARSAW. — I.I. T. A.) — Polish Help! Help! Someone asks me to name the 10 most intelligent Jews I Board of Supervision of Public Build- I 0 • s . and purpose. Ne vertheless h is • Jewry, like that of the United State, Thin in America. We have had the 10 "greatest" named, though truth demands • ,... and C ( unds in Cleveland, and a ' tural • not something unna has its ten most popu ar men. there p.- difference of opinion. As for the 10 most integer- member of similar bodies in Balt,- 1 iction of the interests of the or' became personal and social, I became evident when the Lodz Taub- I more , Rochester, Denver and other ! restr' am. 1 am willing to we state there is a the purely to failure job along to someone braver than I I cities. Ile was the architect, in 1914. ' der in its to assume obligations blatt, a Yiddish daily paper, p of a vote taken among tual, 1 "MSS that belongs there. fished re ,:uit• end ce in the . its •of the improvements for the city als' name one—Horace Kellen. His name readers as to who are the nos: !and exercise an ,,,'1 aril He 11 - 8 ' 1 to take !water-front of Albany. Jewry. The larger affairs of the Jewish commun who Wan; ular lea ders in Polish Why not help the Jews who have gone the to Mexico ger% water to help our European !been president of the Fine Arts ! and the Jewish people? Such a! pop icy . situation implies an absence of ideal- returns brought in the names of the across up farming? We semi millions brethren to help themselves at home. Why not render assistance to t he , Federation of New York, vpresi- ! P to associate e with : following: who have acceMml Mexico's invitation? The government is will I dent of the National Sculpture So- I ism that is diflicu I Deputy Isaac Greenbaum, formerly sewoo organized effort. ing to extend every possible aid to encourage the Jewish immigrants to hundreds To maintain that this indifference president of the Jewish Club of Depti- • I I ciety. president of the Architectural take up agriculture but funds are needed. With the doors of many countries League of New York. treasurer of the 1 ; Jewish 1 public welfare is to be ties of the Polish S; 1/r. Leon American being slowly closed against them one would imagine that thow having the I National Institute of Arts and Let- to the match:111Am and Reich, present president; Dr. Joshua rabbi of Cracwe and member responsibility would make it economically possible for our harassed brethren ters. t iee-president of the -1' Ilion rabbi inn a nd Me"it"T " I • a`eribed t a i" apathy of the membership of these parliament; Sholom Asch, famous l'it•!!• \ 1 1 •" of Ed"c"t ignore the pr•o- Of ritvr, Noah Prilutzki, lawyer anti to find a home in Nlexico. What seems to be the trouble? 'N • •w• Y"r k 11 "ar d organizations i- to 11"' th(. t.e"- Pea- . a' ----::--- or d 1:102. His clubs included -ii by which large masses of 1 cease phi are influend..1 and directed. If leader of the Volkspartei; Rablti Ali. nifty boycott' has been outlined 1.y the Arabs against c to jtury. !'layers and Engineers. married Emma Beatrice it is true that GI . e who are led de- raffia° Mordecai Alter, Chassidic rob. Rather a Balfour's coming to Jerusalem. The day he arrives the Arabs are the going lwari ja; Ilillel Zeitiiii. Arida:119" he a • ....ter of those who Ili of (ion ka It won't be a hardship for ntost of them, K""fm""• io• Hebrew and Yiddish writer; 11. Nits "runner's views on the present term': e (e Chat stop working. That ,11, u s egoi true that a could have never been famous for working overtime. At :my ratt• thcy are going d sh novelist and pb- Nomlicrer, Yidi an citioo were often had, it i of American to quit and assemble in their holy places and presumably offer prayers that did not flatter !and cublic-s dritt.I teadership c ii, fu5v a new soul and energy into hoist, and the historians, Professors o pportunity to varsity • I itWect frankly expresse d. Balfour shall choke on a fish bone before he has an University. ,citirens with too much praise of their la the late Montgomery Schuyler's in the exercises attendant on the opening of the Ilebrew was fond of quot- I their fe'Iowe s. ('ea bier in this con- Shor and Balaban. Ile home towns. i,i . Besides all this the Arab papers will appear that day in 11000 , iup ming i n , ridicui„„,i,. act dressed black borders. The Arabs in this instance are , i"iz remark that American architecture Trying to "take it out on Balfour" because of the Balfour declaration and 1 art of covering t h e i r ryas apparently "the his evident desire to treat all elements fairly under the Ara terms b,. of A, the f or man- one thing with another thing to imi- date is absurd and can only react unfavorably on the tate a third thing, which, if genuine, threat that in the event of a Jewish demonstration in honor of Balfour that Ile undesirable." s hould be disregarded. It in' I would be highly •T s the government shall take Ow consequences constantly urge , should be planned and beautified by high time that reason supersede the mob. fur Introducing min realy qualified fur the task, the are far that the readers of this column will pardon problems me and Jewish extreme difficulties of which I trust upon Jewii[h , beyond the amateur. aubiects that do not seem to bear directly sometimes we find in questions apparently remote from th. direct bearing For Efficiency and Beauty. interests. But ing Jewish world containing in reality possibilities of hav "Experience, patient study and a am and have always been apprehensive of the relations are needed upon world Jewry. I 111,.01. quite reconcile constructive imagination between the eastern and western world. I could to increase the t•fliciency of a city as that hundreds of millions of human be color a working machine and at the same myself to the thought are satisfied to continue along for all time subject to wbite domination. me that Japan, time to secure the beauty that conies dinner speeches to convince more than after order and fit III•sS of purpose," It will take dia, Russia, Egypt and other countries in their neighborhood do from happen he remarked in an address before the China, I n not hate the west and the people of the west. And whatever is to National Institute of Arts and Let- degree. wt,, affect the Jew to a great tern. ----...; In 1921, while Mr. Brunner was Dr. Sun Yat-Sen used to live down in Greenwich Village. the Bohemian but he architectural adviser to the State of east side, to live on the Pennsylvania in its Capitol Park de- mention both York. Trotsky used to I qu'irter of New The reason he refused • • velopment at Harrisburg, on long hair and l arge 1 wasn't so in much found Dr. Sen's address, delivered not in of Canton. Ohio, hut revolution in e anton, in 1$20,000 in back salary due hint or anniversary the Bolshevist is that work and suggested Ft (wit-, I tw„ years' of the China, on the occasion years interesting, isn't it, to think of Sun Yat-Sen writing : his salary for the ensuing two $4,000. It i• sia. Rather in a little studio in the villagt. while Trotsky was sitting in the east side I I be cut from $10,000 a year to for the radical newspapers, and that we find Ill, explained his refusal of the $20,- efffee houses writing articles both of them later on engaged in leading revolutionary movements in their it , 000 on the ground that he was receiv- Dr. Yat-Sen's because [ When the temperature falls the peech o f s ing 6 per cent commission on $1,000,- res pective countries. Let's read that about w worth of work, which he consid- demand for gas rises. When the 000 on the preceding paragraph I ha: a bearing ered adequate pecuniary reward. the success of the [ furnace fails to keep folks warm, We have assembled here today to commemorate volution. Since China has been in contact with foreign and has gas, that ever ready convenience Russian R e to sign many unjust treaties away our powers she has been compelled these treaties she signed of o does the job. lost much erritory. In signing sovereignty and independence. These treaties are it record of the Im- a colony t Today our country is virtually enslavemen er Imagine thousands of people perialist Powers and the Chinese people are slaves. . The commemorate the present victory The fourth annual liadassah Purim factor in using extra gas and you can un- celebration has a double purpose; first, to ball will be held in the Jewish Com- Russian Revolution, which has been a most powerful a lesson and e xample for of the munity Center Tuesday evening, derstand why gas consumption freeing China; and second, to make this day March ln. The auditorium will be a revolution in China." jumps 15 to 20% in a few hours. transformed into a spring arbor, hav- ing a false ceiling of lattice work of These demands arc met because Japan says amen and so does India! blue and white ribbon interwoven -----;; strings at Delancey street with spring flowers. Palms and fern-' the Gas Company at great expense Max Gabel earned his first dollar selling shoe Jew- the the Bowery 35 years ago. Today Max is president of the of Jewish Theater c ry will be in profusion with Can the Yiddish M.oh maintains sufficient equipment to and ish national colors, also used by Ha- of Grge Association. He is actor, a sort a Yiddishh playwright and a Yiddish dassah, of blue and white forming the .tanagers' world. Ile is a Yiddish take care of the heaviest demands. theater producer. So you see that it is possible to make considerable headway on background. A seven-piece orchestra will play. beginning at 9:10 o'clock. a shoe string. Many novelties will be featured and We even keep careful records of i[ea•onal refreshments served at 11:30 cal conditions—on the history of it' o'clock. The ticket committee report. weather conditions. We endeavor ed that large contingents are expect- peoples. to know in advance what you will be furnished ed from Saginaw, Bay City, Pontiac, Vocal selections will ed by members of the Friday Afternoon . -- Mrs, William Rosen-[ need so that you will always and Detroit. Jewi s h Institute Mother. Club: general chairman and is be-[ berg is of the Music Circle. Isaiah Chernoff, principal Schnee, M receive good gas service. assisted 13y afro. his second Kirl•V Center, will deliver H. Podolsky, Mrs. Edward Rosenberg, i I. cure on Jewish history before the Purim BO: [ Mrs. Morris Cooper, Mrs. H. Nover.1 Purim masquerade ball which will be Mothers Club meeting of The the annual Jewish Mothers Club of De- Mrs. Robert Kostoff, Mrs. B. Schlager I held at the Balch School, corner of and Mrs. F. Dubois. Ferry and St. Antoine avenues, Sat- trait will be held Wednesday evening, 2:30 March 11, in the new ballroom of the urday afternoon, March 7, at new Talmud Torah. Philadelphia and , A writer in the Deutche Tageblatt o'clock. of Berlin urges that an official trans- In his previous lecture he covered Byron avenues. at 0 o'clock. In addition to valuable prizes of- lation be made of the Talmud and of conflicts the period between Abraham and the special that, if discovery made and German death of Moses. Although his next fered for the best masks, • Talmudic is l aws [ topic will begin with the period of feature will consist of a traditionall between melody based on the Megillah played state laws, the Jewish communities Jewish history under the leadership ff. should be forced to indicate whether Cherno by Is t n invited.aiah of Joshua, he will emphasize the in- on the c onceria they still adhere to the Talmud. influence of the topography of Pales- The publi c i5 tine—its surface, climate and physi-- GiAS. t ri kiltiOLDIN.BRUNNER, C".)5 7114 5 '" FAMOUS ARCHITECT 1 DIES IN NEWYORK1 JOSEPH-, , V Niint Natro INSTITUTE NOTES r 1 - 1' ^ 15SIVP DETROIT CITY GAS CO. A Few Cold Facts of Interest to the Man Who Doesn't KnowWhereTo Go for Greater Value in Clothing In our group of stores we do a business of more than seven million dollars annually in men's clothing. This means that we are among the largest buyers of clothing in the world, and able to secure prices and terms impossible to the usual merchant. This great buying power is reflected in the qual- ity and excellence of the garments in our stocks. Better clothing for less money results from such big operations. As an instance, our stores are bring- ing out what we believe to be the best $34.50 two- pants suits in the country. Spring 2-Pants Suits and Topcoats From Kirschbaum and Other Renowned Makers $24.50 -$34.50 -$44.50 Featuring the Lighter Colors, the New Soft Textures, and New Easy Lines This clothing is expertly tailored of high charac- ter domestic and imported woolens. It is faultlessly constructed. The patterns are in good taste. The colors are well chosen. It is the kind of clothing that will appeal at once to men who want clothes that are correct to the last detail. The new "toppers" are variations of the popular English box coat model—loose and comfortable, yet smart and correct. The suits, all with two pairs of pants, are fashioned in English and figure-tracing models. The range of patterns, weaves and colors is \ ery broad. Come in Saturday. Buy an Overcoat Now As An Investment for Next Winter—$23. 1■ 11/11111111111111ft indignant and overwhelmed by fear RABBI'S SON JOINS of arrests and persecutions by the COMMUNIST PARTY Communist party when it learned that the son of the local rabbi, who is him- RIGA.—(J. T. A.)—Indicative of self an ordained rabbi. had officially the terror and oppression under which joined the Yersektzia, the Jewish sec- party. non-Communist Jewish groups live in tion of the Communist Particular anxiety wan felt in the Russia is an incident which occurred because the in Swenigorodsk, government of ranks of the Zionists was pre- newly converted Communist Kieff. associated with the Zionists. viously The Jewish population was greatly