"IncyprRon;/1,%isti tit RONIC.1", PAGE FOUR esC2/ 1 1 4, sitifr 1$1. uff i - HE Er Ron' EWISII MOM ■ • 171WIIMP J . 111101 • ...WM 041.11••• Published shed Weekly by Th• Chronicle Pubhells, Co.. Inc. Joseph J. Cummins, President and Editor Jacob H. Schakne, General Manager lead mobs in acts of violence. As long as the judiciary can weigh deliberately and decide with reason and jus- tice, we have a feeling that civilization still holds fast to its moorings. A recent case in Maryland persuaded us that our judiciary is still on the side of civilization and decency when all of the participants in a tar and feather party were sentenced to prison for their inde- fensible conduct. Before that we had another in- stance of the sanity' and fairness in the case of the Klan outbreak at Lilly, Pa. The same spirit which animated the Chongrad mob impelled the Maryland and Pennsyl- vania mobs, but the forces of civilization in the one case were d: relict while in the other they were vigilant and unafraid. The verdict impelled two Hungarian cabinet min- isters to resign, which signifies that there are still some decent, civilized human beings in Hungary, but for the most part it was received with joyous demvstra- tions and festive gatherings. It is true that American nationals were in no manner concerned in the affair, but yet Hungary is under great obligation to AMerica. We have not hesitated to ob- ject to the indefensible conduct of the Bolshevists even where our own nationals were not involved. There is really no great reason why America should not insist upon human, civilized procedure as a condition prece- dent to any American financial assistance. The Chongrad bomb outrage was a depressing spec- tacle but it is as naught when compared with that in- finitely worse spectacle of a judicial proceeding which makes possible the escape of these lunatics. Civiliza- tion is surely at low title in Hungary today and the in- nocent suffer more than the guilty. 'd s nir - • 221111=1711111111511119 9 AS WE GO ALONG A Bit of Political Retrospect By ABRAHAM CAPLAN _I :dantaimannutunummlitunalsimmitemiai3 tiggratate,1 the situation r•,, ,, Most people still believe that, after eased it For do they net !:, matter the defeated candidates congratulate af , tc ,r r entered as Second Information. selves open to the charge t, those who triumphed in the vete hat- prefer "safe and conservattr. . tle tie, the erstwhile heated Wrangle van- chairman of the New York E General Offices and Publication Building is conditions," assuming II'::' isles in thin air and the "issues in- State Senate committee on pub. 850 High Street West ty rather than another , valved" in the campaign that had conic. lie education in a recent statement Cable Address: Chronicle commissioned to achieve l" Telephone. Glendale 9300 to an end no longer are issues. Vic- declared that the foreign language London Office to righteous disapproval, e re, • tors and vanquished join hands in tic- press in the United States during the 14 Stratford Place, London, W. I, England it may involve temporary •••• claiming their readiness to aid in the last several years has given its read- loss? $3.00 Per Year development of the country, whatever ers more facts concerning government Subscription, in Advance I thought the Jew, sf that may mean in the language of and civic matters than may be found To insure publication, all cormspoadence and news matter most reach this States would remember T.. skilled politicians or of hard-boiled in- in many English papers and pointed office by Tumday evening of each week. and all that was ass.u•Odel dustrialists, to a conclusion reached by investi- Never perhaps in the hi•t. • . The thought uppermost in the minds The Detroit Jrwl.h Chronicle invites corrmpondenr• on subjects of int.. gators for Columbia University that to the Jewish people, hot diselalrns responsibility for an indorsement of the country w i ts power in c - a the American public at this moment "the foreign-language press excels vw. ie exprevsed by the writers. -- more flagrantly abused th,, , has to do with hard, very hard, Ina- the English newspapers in the matter men who figured in lb, spokesmen, Repuhlitlin terialism. of printing accurate information t ness transactions which the SennI , of November amazed no doubt by the vas about government activities and du- cation conimittt t• unearth. , I the power vested in them by the coun- ties of citizenship." was public indignation to, It • try, predict a great wave of prosper- This statement is verified by Itemd ed than during the revelati• , ity, although they will fail to disclose Lewis, director of the Foreign Lan- On Tuesday, Nov. 11, we celebrated the sixth anni- lie betrayal last winter. It • the economic reasons for the 'medic- Image Information Service, which utal that Jews should inve,ct versary of the ending of the most frightfiTl war in the don. The Democrats and the Pro- supplies carefully translated reports corruption ill ' , 011ie office :it , I ' gressives, stunned lip the conclusive- history of civilization. Everywhere men and women and special articles prepared by bus .h. wish press should dent:, : .. ness of their defeat, will set back and reaus and agencies of the Federal passed resolutions to work for peace. The most proud expiation for the inisliandlth. await the prosperity windfall which government and by semi-public agen- lie property of such vital dr and most hard-bitten chauvinists joined in numerous their conquerors are certain is due cies of high standing. These articles mental importance to the not. to arrive. Whether or not the K•onent- demonstrations for a lasting, honorable and just peace. are prepared without bias or predilec- fare. Did the Jews f I is situation, taken in the large, world- Lion. Without it dissenting voice the movement for the re- States declare their 1 wide sense, favors the assumption, no Readers of the Yiddish papers in against the party upon tt III. I one has conclusively demonstrated. duction of armaments was vociferously approved. this country need not be told how sponsibifity for the defaho• deed, there is substantial evidence n I Frankly, we view all this clamorous pacifism with rich in content and, to a growing de_ betrayal lai :1?i hsh ey ,t. I.• , sssetti., indicate gsee, in literary q uality are the spe- much suspicion. The war and the peace have taught Than did thi world's ri'lICI: al friti the i'i the w vial articles which appear in them. with the prosaic run of po , u unless ser:ous elf. •ts are put forth to tis that during war everybody favors war and in time Indeed, if there is one thing which ion, which in the rec nt e e I. • • t•st ablish rational •olicord among the Yiddish papers stress more than any- of peace everybody favors peace. It is the most excep- anything but conductice to t•. nations of Europe, remove suspicion t hiag else, it is the informational and lation of tine public oho old, tional man or woman who is able to withstand the in- and resolve the artificial irritation The Yiddish press the belletristie. The Jews might hare 1• •• .• which holds the peoples of the Conti- sistent, uninterrupted and united voices of the press, takes it fur granted, and not without the present administ r III 1,1 I.' , nent in thrall, there is poor lope for reason, that its readers are intelligent the pulpit, the universities and all the instrumentalities rooted ill Oil the federal statute ho. I, . t , Prosperity, tot' prosperity is Dr, Chaim Weiznutnn, in a farewell address before men and women who have a notorious son-Reed immigration I, v which mould and fashion public opinion. Consequently, the free and confident interplay of the bent for independent thinking and the Palestine Executive Committee, struck a note of time the nu asure was adopt. d forces in the world's evonoini•• life. who, if nut exquisitely cultured, per- when the country i s at war all favor war and when at pro ved a wave o f c,.. mcn ,.„, , But if "prosperity" does come and singular realism in the following language: "It is ab- sist in a traditionally Jewish eager- peace all favor peace. This view may strike some as a m„ni.:. t h e .news „f the the ,.,,,c„ o• two there will be abides a year • ness to acquire as full a measure of solutely useless to worry about political questions and ' legion who will had seen the loot eitadel .•1' statesmen in numbers pessimistic, but we disclaim any pessimism. We surely essential knowledge as possible. ,.,, , • • • vocitcy the possible changes in the British government ; our t and hospitality for oppr. . n the m e tifi d" i have been " j us wish to avoid the charge of sentimentalism and utopian But let it nut be supposed that the fall into abject ruin. Th, v h of the party which was swept into best political arguments are the Jewish towns, villages Yiddish press has reached the ultima this fortification crumble I, dreaming on this vital matter. power by millions of American rut- Thule of journalistic enterprise and anti colonies in Palestine." At another place he em- was attacked by multi,- Obviously, the present generation is shot through ens- , f. art. Yiddish newspapers are parti- ce l ci u ht n „ d„ Thee,. was phasized the value of the Keren Hayesod in these It WIIII precisely the overpowering with the psychology which precludes the possibility of san politically and at times agitate their mind that lurking fa, •• • "economic" considerations that led the words: "The Keren Hayesod is the most important for men and measures distinctly con- thinking about any of the problems of the day without cesses of the anti-inunigratt• I • Jews of the United States ti dt•nion- trary to the ideals which they set factor in the upbuilding of the country and will remain tally was the bitter, unreel, d • strate their inability to stand by their sonic consideration of the effects of the war.. It is not forth year in and year out, at least ; ic bsesses the though. .. od guns on election day. The expected e w i hi ; c h o so for the next 10 or 20 years." While apprechiting by implication. surprising that some sound, realistic thinking has been anti-Jewish forces in (fermi, r. vote of condemnation for the man who the value of towns, villages anti colonies and the money To revert for a moment to the mini,' and Hungary and whi. ! lacked the courage to declare in forth- done by men of good-will and sound judgment capable Americanization process which the which the Keren Ilayestid and the enlarged agency will es hold in Europe opinion of • t• ing of right manner his stand on the Ku of logical reasoning. Noisy fulminations, pietistic ges- foreign-language press promotes. A p e :Ind elsewl.. , • pl Klux Klan did not make its appear- bring, he is not unmindful of the human factor, for he story which the late David Blaustein tures in times of peace are of no avail when we are traditional policy •.f the l'eo, i ante. There is reason to believe, judg- said, anent immigration: "We must guard against the once told is a case in point. Dr. Blau- which but a few v ea, . I ,,, l .. caught in the whirlpool of war and not even our abhor- ing by the' vat's that President Cm'. stein, who Wan superintendent of the admittance of unproductive elements. While it is nat- waxing gi t at Ihlutise It ,:l ., I• idge amassed in these cities where Educational Alliance i n N ew York rence for slaughter or the enormous waste involved has on the d•letrine that all men a,•• • that a part of the Goluth.will come to Palestine, • lews form a large part of the popu- years ago, was one of 'the enthusias- any deterrent effect once we are swept into the vortex ' ural . in the eyes of God and of tt, lotion, that Jews voted for the [fresh Palestine must insure itself against a stream which will tic intelligentsia which a generation which boasted that its eon. t • .• dent rather than for John W. Davis id e th e m. of nuttiness. or so h ac k were a l mos t bes policy derived from Ili bre , -I , • • injuriously influence the future of the country." - or Robert IdiFollette. And now that One may conclude from the preceding that from selves in their effort to Americanize was changed overnight, as it ho, regardless they approved a man who, Dr. Weizmann anticipated the change in' the British th the Jewish immigrant. But; being a our view point war is inevitable. Nothing could be and was FUCtIt•i-c1,11 by a point ••, of the worth of his inner intentions, man of insight, he appreciated the government which has once more placed a Conservative that is only American only l•••• • . if satisfactory they are, hedged about further from the truth. War is not a concomitant of fact that the work of making foreign- has been adopted by the l'nite.1 •.•,.. the question which they agreed was human relationships, but once war breaks out the ape government in power in Great Britain. The Conserva- 0 u : into mgrml on citizens ,,,,, ,i,tzrzn of America. the dominant question before the pub- be carried and the tiger in man, whipped to a frenzy' by anger' five government has a c:ear majority of two hundred tr The Jews of America might • ,,re lic, bt.cause it involved the very fun- terials readily available. Thus, while and can be counted upon to remain in power for some voiced their protest against th. ; damentals of American political mor- anti fear, have full sway. Superficial people have con- he urged immigrants to study Eng- ent administration on this son,, ality and justice, what will be their is a years. But whether the government be Conservative, list But they did not. From , of the hest eluded from m en's conduct when ill war that he attitude should the Klan menace per- dvidehine7tt, Liberal or Labor, we repeat, as we did at the time of ta. Cot stcoionmake minds in American Jewry, men rill—, animal. lie will fight to save his life and, once sist, its it undoubtedly will, in view of for his Americanization work. lives were supposedly dedicated to the the accession of the Labor government to power, that its striking victories in a number of the fighting is on, he is carried far beyond his original But he had his struggles.. Once a cause of their people, who neve, I, st. middle and far western states? Will intent. New emotions are aroused, new resistances are their policy on Zionism and Palestine would be dicta- member of the Educational Alliance toted to speak openly against uehor• the Jews continue to maintain a jour- board of directors, who regarded yid- led by the realities and not sentimentalities, ness and injustice, failed to "I a built up, new satisfactions are craved, and man stands nalistic fusillade against the purposes er the language dish a s though it we righteous example. They voted f•d• a Homelands, states and nations do not come into of the Klan? Will their protestations came forth naked as a tearing, destroying and slaughtering ttf sorcer ers., ns f conspirators party and fur doctrines that had •!ere convince? being by some magical art or trick of legerdemain. s ir ; lau dernari f uming into violence to the best principles it ani- I incline to the belief that since the animal, know why huge and demanded D;,,, erictinism. They failed in to hi-'' tr From a lack of understanding and the inability to . They are growths, solid accumulations of homes, towns, Jew's of this country faded to declare with hold Yiddish words on it stood opportunity. Only time will tell h , nc themselves in a unanimous protest, discriminate between man as a fighting animal and villages and agricultural and manufacturing products; near the entrance to the building. signally they failed. And tilt •sa c.. "1: however int.ffeetual it might have man as an animal that will fight have come most of the professions, trades, commerce and social activities. It ," mniirg.ratusttoein, must be said of that part of the .I. , w- been, against the Klan and its subver- d D t ' O aii Tnh%V s ish press which permitted atIIII:clon fallacies and delusions of both jingoes and pacifists. now comes to light that the strongest argument in fa- ani " invitation sive intintions and at the last moment to the Educational Alliance to learn with one party rather than with all. thought of the "flesh-pots of Egypt" vor of Zionism which a commission of the British gov- One group stoutly maintains that man is a fighting ani- nglish and. facts concerning Ameri- other to cloud its vision of what tr rather than of the principles of pure ernment found during an inquiry made in 192 was the c an citizen sh ip." itical decency and to resort to ts tet- ust as vigorously denies it. or Americanism which, in their anti-Klan sal and the other side just ' lectual cant. efforts, they eloquently voiced, they The truth is man will fight for self-preservation, and fact that the Keren Hayesod had collected more than g Ill r e ;h at E lp 14, 1924 'ostuffice at Detroit. Cheshvan 17, 5685 Armistice Day. a British Government and Palestine. The when he believes himself, his family and his country one and a half million pounds for work in Palestine. But most important of all in the building of this menaced and their preservation endangered, his feroc- homeland, which must eventually compel autonomous ity surpasses that of any animal. The problem of war and peace is the question of recognition, is the human element. If all the newcom- avoiding those causes which in the past have both im- ers measure up to those who are now leaving Poland, pelted and compelled man to fight. Can man settle our fears for the future are readily dissipated. Let one his economic, political, social and religious problems who seems to be more strongly converted to Zionism without arousing the feeling that his life is endangered, give us his reactions. Ludwig Lewisohn gives a vivid unless he takes aggressive action? Up to the present picture of Polish Jews leaving for Palestine: "Our Warsaw leader is a model of quiet efficiency. no scheme of human relationship has been devised which has enabled man to discuss, arbitrate and settle In half an hour he has his people in their proper com- partments. No bundles must be lost and no children these fundamental disputes. Man has made tremendous progress in the fields of misplaced. For only one-third of today's groups con- mechanics, business organization and science but in the sists of young men and women, of chaiutzim or pio- field of social organization and economic relationships neers. The rest are families who have the necessary he has lagged behind woefully. The complex, hetero- minimum of capital which entitles them to go to Pal- geneous world of today has not been grasped by the estine. The heads of families are carpenters, lock- man of today. The panorama passes by. Ile is bewil- smiths and expert workmen in the building trades. tiered by the mass and number of confused impressions. They are more than that. They are idealists and, in Intellectually and emotionally he is a child living in a a certain sense, scholars. They are all speakers of man's world in terms of mechanisms and science. Once Hebrew in addition to Yiddish and Polish and they have he relates himself to this immense world he has created all liberated their minds from the restraints and inhi- but which now eludes hint, we may confidently expect bitions of the current orthodoxy and have seen an un- a solution of these problems without arousing the ape heard-of vision and had the hardihood to break through a thousand shackles, overcome a thousand difficulties and tiger in him. Armistice days are reminders of the huge task be- on their way to this tremendous adventure." With a broad visioned, idealistic but withal realis- fore us. tic, leadership, together with the indefatigable efforts of the Keren Hayesod and an extended agency, these Mock Trial in Hungary. the lunatic fringe in Hungary threw a bomb idealistic immigrant workers will yet achieve a Zion When be of prophecy but will surpass in grandeur while a Jewish dance was in progress in Chongrad, the which may sense of outrage and feeling of indignation was univer- and beauty the most ardent dreams of those who lived sal. The perpetrators were arrested. Their guilt was not in a day when the things which we know today did not questioned. Everybody felt that, despite the mad even cause them want or deprivation. For it must orgies which have befuddled liungary, these madmen be remembered that the ideals of that age are the mere commonplaces of' today and we enjoy things of which would surely receive the punishment whic h they did not even know the existence. And what is ish act merited, After months of delay the monsters incarnate were more, the dream of a Zion given to a people cannot ever give the joy which a Zion of our own labor and brought to trial. All the shocking details of the crime idealism can give. were properly adduced, the guilt was unmistakable, Ancient visions and ideals may satisfy those who yet Hungarian justice pronounced a verdict of not and are not of the hurly-burly of life, but those who are guilty. The attitude of specious superiority of the Awakening Magyars indicates that the murder of in- want new ideals vitalized by work gni visions of a rich- and social comity than those of our fore- offensive Jews is no crime. To what decadence these er brotherhood fathers. people and the precarious state of civilization in Ilun- The groundwork of the new Zion is being laid. gary have sunk is more clearly and vividly demonstra- Time, work, capital and idealism will complete the ted by this verdict than almost any act which these structure and when that is done the British government. sophisticated savages have committed. We in America are accustomed to many brutal whatever its complexion, will extend autonomy. manifestations on the part of our aristocratic. benighted To those who died or were molested or were ray- citizens of the southland. These occurrences give us undds re of the Czarist much food for speculation as to the low estate of civi- aged by the Russian Black H regime the announcement of Grand Duke Cyril that lization in our own land, but if the authorities should he would grant religious freedom to all in Russia, must connive with and become implicated with these fiends any judicial proceeding then, indeed. the most come as a cheering bit of news. We call this making in amends with a vengeance. However. vic e prefer that gloomy and pessimistic prognostications are mild. our dear. magnanimous Cyril remain a private citizen - In every society there are degenerates, sadists, nor There are bigots and men of uncontrolled passions who the Russian and the Little Father of the Faithful. ' IS:s4ONSWIT 'IN. • -ge• • y V Education. EDUCATION, when spoken of in these days in an Anglo-Jewish journal, is taken to mean Jewish edu- cation, for the problem of American Jews, in to far as secular education is concerned, does not involve limitation or repression, as in certain European countries. While petty acts of bigot- ry occasionally annoy the Jewish col- lege student, they are so few and tar between that they are negligible. At least, they are not official and do not spring from such dogmas as "percent- age norms" and "numerus clausus." The Jewish boy and girl whose father is a contributor to the communal charities are more likely than not to go to college when they leave the august halls of their high school alma nutters. Whether or not they become truly educated, is another matter. Jewish education is receiving prime consideration at the hands of Jewish leaders. Everyone recognizes the need for it, from the instructors in Kirby Center (to speak locally) down, or up, whichever way you wish, to the board of directors of the United Jewish Charities. But the reasons for such insistence vary. One will say that knowledge of Judaism is necessary for its own sake, for the cultural influence it exerts, for the spiritual strength it occasions, for the consciousness of Jewish worth and ideals which it stimulates. Another will point to the tact that Jewish edu- cation protects the boy and girl from temptation, insures them against pit- falls, serves as armor plate against the commission of wrong. Whichever point of view is offered, it is an effective argument for the cause of Jewish education. The out- look of one may be superior to that of the other, but this may he said in n e of tnihei,y l att,,er concept- te lt.ic atet nunattl(iini a u way atoP°Jhle. tine character 't and give idea that Judaism as the guide and inspiration in Jewish life is impera- tine because it is good in and for n- self, regardless of the fart that it represents good social prophylaxis. Jerusalem. AVE ALWAYS had an idea that VV not a few people, when speak- Ing of Jerusalem, mean Palestine, and vice - versa. This confusion (we vnverraencabout to say ignorance, and ig- e of the map need not be placed in the category with a lack of lativity h of an knowledge of underlyingg the facts und airship) . is not confined to the unin- formed general reader. A headline in 4 of fi the Jewish weeklies reads City rt..Cnkoes d oiunnfetruRseasloem l'.Z'a onistcent rueteT B e ( ''n from the fact that the headline dote st rn iuntaic,laeptehv,in ietse,ntat n tih„ e ...,bei •m wrt writing, o epr - dence Jerusalem is a country and perhaps, a suburb of the P Holy City. -*" 'A. • II, ' • de• itta WHY JEWS LIVE THE LONGEST By FREDERICK L. HOFFMAN, Statistician, Association of American Life Regardless of the age-long perse- cution, often indescribable poverty, poor housing and exposure to many life-destructive conditions, the Jews live longer than any of the races or peoples with whom they have come in contact. Often seriously hindered in their numerical progress, frequently herd- ed worse than cattle in the foul quar- ters of the ghetto, yet the Jews have survived, and today are more numer- ous than at any time in their extra- ordinary social and economic history. The superior longevity of the Jews is attested by every admissable method of inquiry into mortality in- vestigations. The same results are disclosed in Budapest or Frankfort as in the east end of London or on the cast side of New York. It is an extraordinary phenomenon of human survival with- out a parallel in history. The why and wherefore somehow hides the secret of man's mastery of human problems—the prolongation of the maximum duration of human life. The term "Jews" for the present purpose is used in the generaly ac- cepted sense. The Jest's are not a race, but a people, and many of its members no longer can claim purity of type or freedom from alien admix- ture. It is, however, chiefly the relatively pure type of Orthodox Jews that is referred to when the claim is made of a superior life tenacity and sub- stantiated by statistical evidence de- rived from a large field of trust- worthy sources. How far the claim applies to mixed- blood Jews cannot be stated with cer- tainty, but it may safely be asserted that the life span of the Jews de- creases in length with increasing de- parture from the simple principles of the Orthodox faith and in conformity to the traditional customs of the peo- phe of Israel. For if the Jews are nut a race, or a clearly differentiated species of the human type, they are the most thoroughly segregated of the religious sects, but a sect which in its adher- ence to the laws of its being has shown both a wonderful tenacity and rational conformity. The root difference which separates the Orthodox Jew from the dissenter and the Gentile is the rigorous insist- ence upon a dietary which itself rests upon the broatli•st conception of com- mon sense as well as upon Mosaic wisdom, acceptable alike to science and the unconditional beliefs of the 'faithful. When the mortality of the Jews is subjected to critical analysis an as- tounding contrast is presented in a Insurance Companies. comparison of the death rotes with those of other types of mankind. The Jew is less subject to mayy in- fections, less to tuberculosis, le, as a rule, to malignant diseases, but somewhat more subjected to net- Is diseases, to insanity and consider so to diabetes. The infant mortality of Jews. a rules, surprisingly low, even worst of slum areas, while the rate is generaly much higher , • the rates prevailing among non Old age is extremely common. here again the worst possible • lions of life and habitual undet I isment, often with vile surround • seem to be without a seriously mental effect on exceptional I, , ity. The Jewish dietary laws are r.., r• a code of morals in matters of sonal hygiene. They touch upon of the essentials which affect th• in- dividual's predisposition or liaH" v to diseases generaly considered ■ ••s- ventable in the light of modern nu h- eal and sanitary research. First in the order of import,i••• , come the Jewish regulations comerr• inc the consumption of animal f • • Ritual slaughter and carcass imp ••• tion were the forerunners of th' •': ficial meat inspection of the pr•- day. The term "kosher" denotes '' • substance or foodstuff which by " r• - tare of its salutary nature is : ducive to the proper nourishne• • and maintenance of the human ec' . ' • omy without giving rise to any o turbance after being ingested." This ancient conception of wh •'. - some food as clearly differentia'. from food not wholesome has "vii' within very recent years become gt eral among non-Jewish people. But even today only a beginri• has been made in the development ••` rational methods of nourishing human body by food adapted to the human economy. The Jews, long before other peolcl''. had realized the unsuitability of many substances which are consumed eN, at the present time by non-Jews ;17' 1 unquestionably do much harm. Heimann Weinstine of St. Paul. Minn., was recently awarded th" scholarship offered to young violinists by the Guilliard Foundation of New York City and will study at the four- dation. Mr. Weinstine won the Auer Scholarship offered by the Chicagd Musical College two years ago and last year appeared in concert in Sac Francisco, Berkeley, Los Angeles as I Modesto, Calif. Ile is recanted a' of • of the most promising young vi.tlIn'f . f in the country. - ft. • -0.` "It% Y