A •cricivi 5citisk Periodical eater

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PAGE FIFTEEN

Pic Dr
r: ittinifelrLsiV

The Philosophy of Philo Judaeus

Many a Jew, familiar with
the literature of all nations,
knows nothing of the lyric lofti-
ness of the psalms and of the
enrapturing inspiration of the
prophets or makes their ac-
quaintance only by the precipi-
tate they have found in the
Christian prayer book or in an
oratorio. And may a social eco-
nomist amidst us learns only
from Henry George that the
greatest thoughts moving the
world and seeming. called to
give her a higher direction in
our time, the ideas considered
to be roost modern, the ideas of
social justice and universal
peace, are derived from the
Jewish Bible.--Felix l'erles.

ence of Pythagonsm appears in the
numerical-symbolism to which Philo
frequently recurs. Hs doctrine of
the body as the source of all evil cot,
responds entirely with the Neo.Pytha-
on-
goran teaching. Like I lato,
h rmonize the Greek phi- ceiv yes the soul to be a divine! emana-
1
soux i• with the Jewish religion, and tion.
losul'h
as o y' ork was not accepted by his
Philo made his philosophy the
Jewi•h contemporaries he was the means of defending and justifying
more inthusiastically hailed by the the Jewish religious truths, which he
early Christians, sonic of whom saw regarded as fixed and determinate.
in hint it Christian. He may be re- Therefore he rejected these philo-
garded as the creator of the Logos sophical tenets of the Creeks which
idea, upon which no much of the he could not harmonize with Juda-
writing- dogma is built up. His ism, for instance, the Aristotelian
writing- on the Bible are distin- teaching of the eternity and inde-
guished by their allegorical charac- structibility of the world. Ile read
ter. Ile allegorised almost everything the Old Testament chiefly in the
in the Bible, history, and law. By Greek translation, but he had a
birth a Hellenic Jew, he was greatly knowledge of Hebrew, as his writings cube, has many of the attributes de-
dominated by Greek culture, and his show. Also a knowledge of the Ila- termined by the l'ythagoreans. Nine'
system shows throughout the Wh- lacha, although it war far from pro- is the number of strife. Ten is the
ence of Ilellenic philosophy. His ac- found. But he was intimately ac- number of perfection. l'hilo likewise
count of the Creation is almost iden- quainted with the Haeadah. He bases elaborates an extensive symbolism of I
tical with that of Plato. Like Plato, his doctrine on the 013 Testament, proper following the example.
the creative activity as well which he considers to be the source of the Bible and the Midrash, tel
h e places
as the act of creation outside of time, and standard not only of religious which he adds many new interpreta-
on the Platonic oround that time be- truth but in general of all truth. All tions.
g in: ,.rly with the world. The influ- its pronouncements arc divine pro-
Isis teaching was really not Jewish,
nouncements. Muses is the real me-
but Greek. But in order to convert.
dium of revelation. The other writers
it into a Jewish doctrine he applied
of the Ohl Testament are only pupils..
Everything in the Torah iv of divine the Stoic method of allegoric inter-
pretation to the Old Testament. Ills
origin, even the letters no d accents.
doctrine of God is very different front
He believed the Greek philosophers
that taught in the Old Testament,
to have borrowed from the Bible,
which regards God as excessively ac. I
which is Also the source of philosophic
tive in the world. Philo regards God
truth. The Stoic influence on Philo
as contrasted with the world. He
McKerchey Bldg.
is pronounced.
exists neither in time nor space. lie
Philo regards the singular as Cod's has no human emotions; in fact no
number and the basis for all numbers. attributes whatever, and no name;'
Two is the number of schism, of that therefore Ile cannot be perceived by 1
cavating, Grade Separations,
E x
which has been created, of death. man. He is simply existent, and has'
Street Pavements, Sewage
Three is the number of the body. no relations with any other being.!
IDisposid.
Four is potentially what ten is actual- This is not the Go d o th old Testa-
ly, the perfect number, and in an evil mint, but the Platonic idea of God
sense the number of the passions. as contrasted with matter. So he
Five is the number of senses of sensi- sets aside the descriptions of God in
2n 3 i WOODWARD AVENUE
bility. Six, the product of the mascu- the Old Testament by means of '
line and feminine numbers. Seven gory. He regards the anthropomorph-
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has the most various and marvelous isms of the Bible as a monstrous im-
attributes. Eight, the number of the piety. Scripture, he says, adapts it-
self to human conceptions, which is
very much the same as what the rab-
bins teach. God is not in space, but
is Himself the place, which is again
rabbinic teaching. His transcendental
conception of God precluded the cre-
ation as well as any activity of God
in the world. It entirely separated
Cod from man, and deprived ethics
of all religious basis. Yet he accept-
ed the Stoic doctrine of the imman-
ence of God, which led him to state-
ments opposed to others he hail al-
ready made. Ile was one of the most
inconsistent of thinkers. At first he
had placed God entirely outside the
world, and then he regarded Him as
the only actual being therein. God
is the only real citizen of the world;
he says in one place; all other beings
MAKERS OF
are mere sojourners therein. As a
transcendent being, Cod could not
operate at all in the world, and yet
Ile is considered as doing everything
in the world.
INVINCIBLE
God must call upon other powers
to aid Him in the creation of man,

ll the great writers since Bib-
Of a
p
ica toes that Jewry has roduced,
the mots interesting and im portant,
•
x•
have
been
the
subject
as •
whose
ofyolks, comment ar 1 controversy,
is rho judue „ of A lex an dria. IIe

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ADMIRATION

veroicip prorrecovoivrivici,

as He can have nothing to do with The cultural value of admiration
matter, which constitutes the physical t
With evil Ile can in human education is less thought of
an
f
have no connection, Ile cannot even or utilized than it ought to be. Ad-
punish it. The human soul is God's miration always involves influence,
nn possibly
most characteristic work, a reflex of although its extent caot
• '
be determined. We ar e consciously
God, a part of the divinereason.
the most striking feature of Philo's and unconsciously sensitive to our
nothing!
and
philosophy is his doctrine of the I environment
Logos, a name which he borrowed 'touches leaves us exactly as we were.
from the Greek philosophers. It was' VIre are composite consequences of
a doctrine of the Divine Word crest- , the countless influences that play
ing the world. , Ile calls the Logos upon us every moment of our lives.
the "archangel of many names," the Even sleep does not close our avenues
"name of God," the ."heavenly I
Adam," the "High 'P 'Priest." Like the !of
approach
the even
outer
world.
This
being so, from
we are
more
im-
e
a
high priest, it is the expiator of sins, presse
d and
i nfluenced when w ail-
, bos-
the mediator and advocate of men. i mire, for then we are more open
h is a kind of shadow cast by God, pitable and receptive to intrusion.
having the outlines, but not the blind- Admiration is influence concentrated,
ing light, of the Divine Being. In its intensified and more penetrative.
ught to be kept in
relation to the world it is the uni- . This being so it ought'
versal substance on which all things , mind for constant guidance by those
depend, and it is the power which who are consciously committed to the
produces them. It has a special rela- , high and holy duty and privilege of
s
tion to man; it is the type, man i ! pedagogical position. We are all
the copy. As "interpreter," the Logos [ pedagogues to one another, though
announces God's designs to man, act-, unconsciously so, and should accord-
ing in this respect as prophet and ingly
. i never express or deport our.
priest. The Logos is identical with selves without some circumspection.
the wisdom spoken of in Proverbs. . Teachers and parents especially
matter I should never be off their guard. Par.
Philo's conception of the
more particularly should never
out of which the world was created I eats
is entirely un-Biblical and un-Jewish. lose sight of the imposing fact that
According to Philo, God does not . what they do, and especially what
create the world-stuff, but finds it they are, sets up a standard for imi-
you
evil: I tation or emulation. Would have
ready at hand. For matter is
Gol formed the world, but did not ' therefore as father or mother
ate the ideal s
c reate it. Ile compares God to an your child approximfondness, incur
regards fashioned by your -
architect or gardener. Philo
- Iporate them in your own life and
t he physical nature of man as some
with progressive clarity
thing defective and an obstacle to the k eep them
spirit, since the spirit arrives at its [ and convincingness. Even the beau-
tiful and the good lose after a time
knowledge of the world by means of I
of that charm which is for-
the five sense-s. But the higher and I something
more important is the spiritual naturelfeited through familiarity. Novelty
-l carries a special appeal. So with ad-
of man. In the pre-temporal contli
: miration. It must constantly be re-
tion, the soul was without body, fr ee
Incessant vigilance is the
form earthly matter, without sex, vitalized.
upon price of parental influence that would
morally perfect. In entering
lead childhood over the path of ad-
time, the soul loses its purity, a nd
to the attainment of due
,. is confined in a body. The Nous be- miration
emulation and realization. —
comes earthly, but it retains a ten- moral
Sen-. Alexander Lyons.
dency towards something higher.
sibility is a source of the passions and
sev.
o
ses thrughent
. Man pas
ev il d
esiresin his ethic al deve lopm.
steps
In the period of moral neutrality or. !

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DURING THE NEW YEAR

the earthly Nous for virtue. The soul
(Continued from last page.)
is first aroused by the stimuli of sen- '
sues pleasures, towards which it be-
gins to turn. Its condition is restless mints during the relevant period.
Sold in
ord Readingg was compelled
effectu
and painful. All te higherr aspira- L
virtue are stifled, .lertake to
netts
after is God
and h moral turpitude. the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms in
The end
complete
been consulted and
y. which he adhis
the annihilation of all sense of dut
not vie
to upon whichh ws
Later on man leaves sensuality
were
and
e with are
this
y sid
the- unknown. •And side transit ion
turn to reason. There are three
ads whereby one can rise to the di- work of dangerous he has
oine—by teaching, practice, and nut-' had to combat disaffection and even
ymbolized in treason.
to a ttempt
oral goodness. This is s
This is not e mom ent
s vi
of Abra ham from his
career as
the mi gration
in the Biblical a final estimate of his ce-
home,
and
1545 CHURCH STREET
us
o
idolatr of the other patriarchal chary- roy. But this much can be said, and
story
Corner of Tenth
ters. Philo's teaching exercised no [ ought to be said now : Few viceroys,
influence on the Jews themselves, who I even in the long and anxious history
been
ations, have ea
followed the tenets of Palestinian Ju-: of Anglo-Indian relperi
period of greater
[ confronted with a (
n-Idifficulty and menace. The tact and
deism.
co
'The synagogue "with its long,
tinuous cry after God for more than;diplomacy svhich played so greata
s legal career, w -brilliant
rt in hifound
m n
hation
of his .
twenty-three centuries," with its un-, t he
sure
d de- [ American success, have not failed him
ea
remittent activity in teaching
:
con
A
d
iis
r
ie
cee
v
veloping the word of God, with its
r tas
S do far
upted succession of proph is [ in India.
oo i c
s, : cerned, in e ,
uninterr
r
heard.
r
ti
o
een
psalmists, scribes, assideans, rabbi ,
n has hard y he boon
appeals, he will be the first ex-viceroy
patriarchs, interpreters, elucidators' t greater
o
tribute could be psi to
h its who, in dark and perilous days, has who has ever assisted in this task.
ers,
eminences and teach
ords of saints, martyrs, walked amid pitfalls discretely, deli-
I have spoken of the personal
gior ions rec
sages, philosophers, scholars and mys- cutely, resolutely. R en
charm of Lord Reading. If you strip
true
tics;
this to
synagogue,
the forming
only
witness
the past and
in I to England his career will be by no Tito Melema of his moral rmities,
means closed. Both in the House of you have something of Rufus Isaacs
all ages the sublimest expression of Lords upon its judicial side and in left. Ile adhered to, and adorned ,
privy council, it the highest traditions of the English
Israel's religious life, mu
the co mmittee of the
lain its authority as the sole true will be in his power to continue to bar, by whom he was beloved, and
and the future.
public service. Indeed, few great English figures have main-
present
great
the
render
guide for
of
establish one new record.
—Solomon Schechter.
he might
tained so many friendships---some
For should he ever sit upon the ju-
humble--with more warmth, af-
touncil them

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