America Prish Periodical Carter 111E EIROft ALWAYS AND EVERYWHERE THE SAME IsnaiRoxictr, PAGE THIRTEEN JACOB MASE: RABBI AND LEADER $01.1"11 A Pre-Pogrom Scene in Berlin. By D. MOSKWIN (Copyright, 1923, Jewish Telegraphic Agency.) I to as of to rty 0- ES ce) Jn rish Lein 10 i nce can ith ur- Ind the ele- un- the den, r in s ave 'eign the the Ion- ew- an- cing nful itrol ling ting Welt- sub- Jnion card- 'e are could at IY r. Is; t. M re. ION RP. BERLIN.—A cafe. A sunny au- tumn day. Brown and gold patches on the house fronts, huge, big-bellied. A soft untroubled sky, the blue horizon hanging low, with clouds moving about as on sentry-go. On the verandah stretching along the pavement, a ceaselessly animated cinematograph screen, tables, the head waiter, a ,bustInig crowd of customers, a feeling of early morning in the air, the people at the tables sipping their coffee, happily en- grossed, a crowd of exchange jobbers. Women, pet dogs, horses, tramcars, automobiles. Lost in the human mist, a man with a broom, a mys- terious figure. And as if behind the scenes of a theater, muttering discon- tentedly, the German worker casting vague atmosphere of apprehension over the scene. At the tables in the cafe, Jews, two Germans smoking cigars, and again Jews. A group of Dutchmen, and more Jews. A couple of Americans going to Russia or back to the states, and Jews. Waiter," Rosenberg says courte- ously, "a glass of coffee, please," speaking his German with a Yiddish accent. "What do you say?" he con- tinues in Russian, turning to Samuel- son from Harkolf, with whom he has just become acquainted. "Will there really be a pogrom in Berlin, or is it just rumor?" Samuelson, with his hair cropped in German fashion, like a RUSSiRS convict in the olden days, passed the tips of his fingers over the stiff bris- tles on his head, and with his face covered in perspiration, said in a peevish voice: "The same thing again! Tell me, what sort of a subiect is this? Every- body you meet asks the same ques- tion—will there he a pogrom?" "What do you mean?" asked Rosen- berg of Nikolaiev, in a tone of sur- prise—"Berlin simply smells of po- grom," "First"—he ticked it off on his fingers—"there is the Mark, sec- ondly, there is the butter—where is their butter, I ask you? And thirdly there is Bavaria." "Drink your coffee," interrupted Samuelson, "and don't talk foolish- ness. Where in your pogrom? In Germany? Idiotic! In Berlin?" He raised his glass to his lips, the per- spiration stood out on his forehead. Ile felt that his heart was heating too rapidly. Idle chatter! he said to him- self. Don't be afraid. Pull yourself together. What does it matter what they say! A pogrom if you like, and in Berlin at that. Though, after all, perhaps I really ought to go away be- fore there is any trouble. "Look here." said Rosenberg, mov- ing closer. "they don't like to hear people talking Russian here, lust as they didn't like to hear Yiddish in Russia. The Russians have =o- ared to land themselves in a pretty pickle, haven't they Still that's their business. We'll talk in Yiddish. After all, it's some sort of German. My wife went out recently to buy some grapes. Now that's hardly a crime, is it The Germans really ought to be grateful to the foreigners. We haven't taken anything away , from them. On the contrary, we brought money into the country. But they argue—shortage of houses. We don't get any rights, but they want our money. We have to pay taxes. I don't need to tell you all that. you know it as well as I do. Bread is a milliard. I tell you, it's a madhouse. What's the rood of it? And then again—what else shad I do? Do I WAS telling you—my wife bought two pounds of grapes. The fruiter weighed out her two pounds of grapes. Suddenly he burst out with: "Bloody Russian Jews!" "They buy up every- thing! It doesn't matter how much money you ask for it, they've got it to pay. And our children can't get enough bread. Everything for the damn Jews! Never mind, we'll pay you out for it!" My wife went hot and cold. She nearly fainted of fright. Nice grapes, weren't they? Now, I ask you—what does that mean? My wife came home in an awful state. Why did I bring her and the children to this terrible Ger- many Tell me, where else could I have brought her? To Constantinople: Marseilles, Paris ? To the North Pole perhaps!" "Back to Constantinople," answered Samuelson in a broken voice. "And you think that in Constaoti- nople there is no chance of a pogrom? But that isn't what I'm driving at. A few days ago, I had to see Glickman. the treasurer of our synagogue. A matter of business. Well, where is one likely to meet the treasurer of a synagogue on a Saturday? In the synagogue, of course. So I went to the synagogue. You know what a synagogue generally looks like, espe- cially on a Saturday. About 6 wor- shippers. The cantor did his job ex. cellently. But what's the use of it? You know how it is—we say some of our prayers, and we have a little chat about business, we crack a joke or two, we send somebody to the devil, we tease each other, just for fan. We feel at home with our God. Ile is one of the family. He does not get angry about such things, as long as we do our part. We swayed back- wards and forwards over our prayer hooks. Then we began to talk busi- ness. Glickman answered me and we went on sorayino backwards and for- wards again. We finished and con- i" , ued our business. The cantor sang. It was alright. Glickman folded up his Talith. He has two splendid houses in Berlin, and he can't live in them. He doesn't like it, but what can h e do? Suddenly, as we stood like that talking, a young man came up with a dispatch case under his m. He looked well fed, and was dean shaven as if he had just got th e barber's chair. A real Englishman. He didn't stop to look round, and shook hands with every- body, right and left. as if we were short of his handshake. "'We must have a meeting at once, he said, of the heads of the commun- ity.. ci 'i 'llhaant for? What about?'" asked "'There may he a pogrom in Berlin any minute, the Englishman an- swered. The Russian Monarchists and the Black Hundreds are all at work here and everything is being errs ready In the real Russian style. hey will simply wipe out the Jews T er he, butcher them, turn the place into a ahambles.'" I became petrified with fear. All the 15 Jews M the congregation, with Glickman at their head, started shiv- ering. It grew dead silent in the syn- agogue. You could hear your watch ticking in your waistcoat pocket. No- body dared to lift up his head. We were ashamed to look each other in the fare. Say what you like, it's a shame to think of such a thing even. Imag- ine a nice old man like Glickman, over 60 years of age, dragged along by a gang of rulliians and beaten as if he were a schoolboy. How can you think of such a thing? Or that they should do it to that fine old merchant from Moscow, Leizerowitch. Ile's also got two houses in Berlin and can't live in them. Or the teacher, Tennenbaum, or the journalist, Mei- erowitch? "We began to disperse, slowly, shuf- fling our feet heavily. What? Where? Why? we asked the English- man. Ile had one answer only. I will tell you at the meeting. "I went out into the street. Quiet. Nobody being attacked. I went along half dead. I suppose my face must have looked as yellow as the yolk of an egg. 'What are all these houses doing here? What's the good of all this civilization and culture? In these very streets, in these very houses, in this civilized cultured Belo lin, there are people now plotting to butcher the Jews. So what's the use of this civilization! They are wild beasts, these people! Laugh at it, ridicule it, this boasted civilization of theirs!" Samuelson's eyes went dead. Ile sat quiet. His lips trembled. His shaven neck became full of creases. As if to fit in with the discussion, great black clouds came floating along, and it began to rain. The whole street became a forest of um- brellas. Rosenberg tugged at his whiskers. "I came home," he continued, "and I told my wife about it. Let us go away at once, she cried. Very good, I replied. Let as go away. Where shall we go? Where have we not been already, tell me? Dragging the poor children about all over the world. Can you tell me where to go? On the ship going to Constantinople we were nearly pushed overboard by a gang of officers because they didn't like Jews. When we got to Constantinople we dragged ourselves about the town and couldn't find a place to live in. Then we went to Marseilles and we went to Paris. We suffered hell three times over. At last we managed to find a home in Berlin. And now we've got the tame thing again. Where shall we go this time Tell me, I ask you." "Why do you worry me like this" Samuelson returned peevishly. "You're a terrible person you are! Go and ask God! Why do you ask me? I can't tell you. I don't know myself. I shall have nightmares with all these things you arc telling me. I don't know where I am myself. All the Jews in Berlin have gone made they go gibbering about pogroms and blood. They'll drive me as mad as they are themselves. I'm not a pogromist. What do you want of me? Why do you feighten pie like this. I shall itaCt to cry in a minute." The coffee on the table was cold. The umbrellas outside wentpast as in a procession. The group of Dutch- men at the table near by suddenly laughed aloud. The head waiter bustled about from table to table. "I keep on asking myself," Rosen- berg went on, "What am I What is it all shout? These thousands of us here, what does it all mean What are we afraid of? Why haven't we anywhere to' go to I don't understand. Amer- ica won't let us come'in. isn't that a pogrom, if you ask me? A different kind of a pogrom! They butcher us with the blunt end of the knife. What does it matter if they call it an affi- davit? It's the same thing, isn't it? What does it mean—affidavit? I don't understand." Samuelson looked up angrily at Rosenberg. lie culled the head wait- er, paid him his bill, flung a half-mut- tered good-bye at Rosenberg, and went out into the street. "Straight home," he said to him- self. "Straight home, and pack up at once! ,Let the wife shout, I don't care! She won't go- to any theater tnoieht. We're going to the station. right away. Thank the Lord I've the visa ready. I don't core if we have to starve. I can't go on living in this continual fear. He jumped into a taxi. Rosenberg stared nut into the street. People went hurrying past. The rain stepped. The umbrellas sud- denly disappeared. Traffic hummed. It seemed to him as if it was humming a song—a song which told how good it was for the Christians, and how terrible for the Jews! Move on, it seemed to soy. Get out you Jews! The everlasting Jewish tragedy! Wandering. wandering. Always wan- dering! Wohin? (Copyright, 1924, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency.) / DETROIT By SIMEON JUSHKEWITCH (EDITOR'S NOTE—This appreciation of Rabbi 11"c of Moscow eras penned by • correrepondent of the Jewish Teleerapbic Areney, the ...ion being the Rabbi's corn• Pletion of 10 years of publia wake.) ,/c Ci UTO 4 i 4 I SHOW i # 4 I 1 t 0 g JAN UARY i i 1 i I ig to 26 I ‘ CONVENTION HALL ty, WOODWARD AT GARFIELD CASS AVE. AT PRENTIS \ TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL EXHIBITION I I / THREE NEW CARS TO BE EXHIBITED AT ANNUAL AUTO SHOW JAN. 19-26 Three new cars, which had their newest contribution to the industry. premier and were the sensations of It is built in six-body types, two tour- the New York Show, a week ago, will ing, roadster, brougham and two se- be exhibited in the twenty-third an- dans. nual Auto Show of the Detroit Auto The Eagle six is one of the Durant Dealers' Association, Jan. 19-26, in products and will be exhibited by the the new Convention Hall. This trio of Detroit-Durant Company, which will new passenger cars are: Chrysler show all the Durant products, includ- six, Eagle six and Rollin four. ing the Flint six, the Locomobile, the The most talked of and the domi- Durant four and the new Star mod- nant feature of the recent national els. show in Gotham was the Chrysler six, Rollins four is the new Cleveland a Detroit product, which is being product of the firm organized by Rol- placed on the Detroit market by the lin White and which has been before John II. Thompson Co., distributors the public only a short time. It is of the Maxwell, Chalmers and Chrys- one of the cars of particular interest ler cars, the products of the Maxwell to the engineering fraternity and in- Motor Corp. The car is the product cludes some important departures of 10 years' experience in the automo- from established practice. tive industry on the part of Walter The most expensive car in the show P. Chrysler, who has long been a this year will be the Rolls-Royce, dominant figure in the industry and which carries a modest price tag of who, three years ago, became chair- 114,500, while adjoining the exhibit man of the board of the Maxwell 610- of this famous British motor car will tor Corporation. he the Ford exhibit, with the lowest- In the New York show the public's priced car in the show, a roadster at interest was such that it was almost $265. impossible to even approach the The entire south bay of the Con- Chrysler models on display. In the vention Hall will be given over to the Detroit show the distributor will de- display of passenger cars, with the vote a total of 2,000 square feet, a following makes represented: Over- space sufficient to show 10 cars, to the land, Willys-Knight, Nash, Lincoln, display of Chrysler models that all Stutz, Maxwell, Chalmers, Chrysler, the show visitors may have an oppor- Sterling Knight, Paige, Moon, Reo, tunity to closely inspect Detroit's Chandler, Rolls-Royce, Ford, Frank- lin, Jordan, Hupmobile, Packard, Pierce-Arrow, Kissel Kar, Oakland, Marmon, Cadillac, Rickenbacker, Oldsmobile, Wills Ste. Claire, Stude- bkker, Gray, Durant, Eagle, Flint, Locomobile, Star, Peerless and Dort. Five makes of passenger cars will oc- cupy the eastern portion of the north hay: Rollin, Dodge Brothers, Jew- ett, Buick and Chevrolet. In the north bay, in the western half, will be grouped the commercial cars as fol- lows: Kelly-Springfield, Federal, Ford, Overland, Denby, Chevrolet, Dodge Brothers, Reo, I ierce-Arrow, G. 61. C., Gotfredson, White and Rug- gles. The Gotfredson and Ruggles will have their initial showing in a Detroit show, while the White returns after an absence of years. Detroit's show will be opened next Saturday evening at 7:30 p. m. and will be open daily until Saturday, Jan. 26, from 10 a. m. to 10:30 p. m. Convention Hall is the largest build- ing ever utilized by the D. A. D. A. and Show Manager II. II. Shuart is prepared to handle record crowds. Practically every automobile and truck salesman in Detroit will attend the "pep" meeting at the General Mo- tors Building, Thursday night, 48 hours before the opening of the 23rd annual Auto Show, in the new Con- vention !tall. ROUMANIAN UNIVERSITIES ARE NEARLY ALL CLOSED BUCIIAREST.—(J. T. A.) — The situation in the Roumanian universi- ties is growing steadily worse in con- sequence of the continued anti-Jewish disturbances. The campuses of Buch- arest, Jassy and Klausenburg univer- sities are as disturbed as they were towards the end of the first semester last year. The universities present the unusual picture of having police and military stationed in the court- yards and lecture rooms, ready to in- tervene in the event of disturbances. Some of the professors have refused to lecture in the presence of the mili- tary and in consequence many lectures have been abandoned. The Commercial Academy of Buch- arest remains clesed, the authorities insisting there will be no lectures un- less the students allow Jews to at- tend. The University of Jassey is prac- tically closed. most of the departments being is a disorganized state. The Academic Senate of the Buch- arest University has asked the gov- ernment to prohibit the student dem- onstrations on the streets. The gov- ernment has been asked also to expel! students participating in demonstra- tions. The Senate insists the ques- tion of the number of Jewish corpses for dissection is a matter concerning the Senate alone. In a statement is- sued by the Senate, it is declared that the authorities of the University are compelled to agree that the gendarmes and soldiers remain in the lecture halls and university buildings until The Officers of the Detroit Automobile Assodation--Left to Right, Top then Bottom; WALTER J. BEME, there will be no further danger of Treasurer; A. L MCCORMICK, Vie. Pres.; It. H. WILLIAMS, President; H. H. SHUART, Manager; W. J. JUDD, See It GUY 0. SIMONS, Director. disturbances. It is not in forgetfulness or in slight of his office that I write of him as Jacob Mase, not as "Rabbi" Jacob Mese. It is because the rabbi is the least that he is. To call him rabbi or Crown Rabbi, as the title used to be in Russia, is the most dread humiM- tion you can put upon Jacob Mese. At the celebration of his jubilee the other day, one of the speakers wishing to praise him said that the fact that Jacob blase was among the Crown rabbis, took from the term the re- proach with which it was generally associated among the Jews of Russia, Never in my life have I seen Mase so indignant as when he replied to this reference to his Crown rabbinate, he cried, I have never been a Crown Rah- hi and his voice trembled as he spoke. If I was a Rabbi or a Ray, call it as you like, I was a social service rabbi. To say that I was the re- deeming feature among the class of Crown rabbis is little compliment to me. It is as ifyou said that of the thieves I was the most honest man. He objected altogether to the sys- tem of putting a label on a man, of dubbing him rabbi or anything else. The only may of judging him, he in- sisted, was to think of him as a man. Mase spoke of a young Jew, an educa- ted, learned young man, full of Ideal- ism and of love for his people, eager to devote his life to their service. In the days of the Czar the only way in which he could do that was to become a rabbi. Occupying the rabbinical post, he could go about freely among the Jews, he could inspire them with his Idealism, he could spread among them culture and learning. Year af- ter year, this idealist, the fire of love burning in his heart and in his soul, went about on his mission among his people, but he was a Crown rabbi and the Jews always looked with mistrust upon a Crown rabbi. A Crown rabbi to them was the symbol of a man sold to the government, a man of bribery and corruption, a spy, and often an in- former. Unable to overcome this feel- ing of mistrust, the young idealist in despair took his life. Ile was victim of the criminal classification of peo- ple according to the label put upon them. "Th. Soul of the Man." "I am the soul of that man," ve- hemently cried out Jacob Mese. I say that not to boast of it, but to warn you that you may avert such critical waste of life in the future. I want to raise up before your eyes the truth that you may reflect upon it, that you may realize the wrong you have com- mitted against many who had one mis- fortune to have attached to them the official label of Crown Rabbi. It Is not the profession, it is not what you call the man that matters, It is the man himself." Jacob Mase, has never been an of- ficial rabbi, still less has he been a Crown rabbi. He has alwaya been Jacob Mase himself, alone—the best example of a Jew devoted to the cause of his people. His profound knowledge his Jew- ish learning, his general education, his oratorical powers almost unser- passed, his social work, his activity in all directions, have made his name fa- mous outside Moscow and outside Russia even, everywhere where there are Jews. Officially, !slime was the representa- tive of the Jewish congregations of Moscow. Actually, he was the repre- sentative of all Russian Jewry, and Beilis blood libel trial, when Mase was the spokesman of the whole of the there were times, as during that great world Jewry, of all the Jews every- where. At such times Mane did not take hie stand as one with bated breath interceding humbly for his people, as one defending his people against charges and half acknowledg ing their guilt, but proudly as one re- pudiating with indignation unfounded accusations and accusing in turn those who commit wrongs against his people, as one burning with torn and with anger, denouncing the wrong- doers, the persecutors. Part in Bailie Trial. He showed this most powerfully at the time of the Beilis trial. Everyone knows the historic part played by Mese during this terrible arraignment of the whole Jewish people before a Russian court of law. His eloquent speeches, his masterful testimony, stand out as monuments of his gen- ius. There is a slight incident in the course of his evidence which is not so well known, which I should like to cite as an illustration of his tremendous ability. "It is proof that the Jews are a degenerate and sinful people that God himself has turned from them, everywhere the Jews are hated, everywhere they are persecuted; ev- erywhere they feel upon them the curse of God." What answer could be made to such an indictment, formula- ted at the trial by the notorious Jew- baiter, Schmarkov? That the Jews "RENANAH" MUSICAL SOCIETY ORGANIZED A musical society called "Renanah" has recently been organized in Newt York City for the purpose of spread- ing Jewish lay and religious music of high artistic value. The society will enter upon its ac- tivities with the publication of a series of compositions by the famous Jewish singer, composer and cantor. Pinchus Jassinowsky. European and American music-lovers who are inter- ested in Jewish music are well ac- quainted with Pinchus Jassinowsky's works. lie himself has sung them at the numerous concerts given by him in the largest European and Ameri- can cities. They have also been sung by the most famous singers and con- certists, and are the favorite songs on all musical programs. Jassinowsky's compositions consist of music for songs written by the greatest Ilebrew and Yiddish poets, as liturgies for Jewish religious serv- ices and special holiday snags. The society "Renanah" will pub- lish first a series of Jassinowsky's songs and then compositions of other musicians. The "Renanah" will alo carry on propaganda for Jewish mu. eic in English-speaking circles, par- ticularly among students and intel- lectuals. The society will also try to raise the musical standards of the Jewish masses, who are frequently content witch cheap, vulgar songs. This is to be attained by spreading fine musical creations. Many Jewish leaders In the cviic and cultural fields show great inter- eat in the society "Renanah." are loved everywhere, that they are not persecuted? But Maze soon found his answer. God punishes those whom he loves most." That was his reply. And he did not quote the Old Testament as his proof. That would be no evidence for a Jew-baiter—the evidence of the Jewish Scriptures. No! Mane quoted the example of Jesus of Nazareth, from whom God turned his face, even as he was upon the Cross. What will become, he asked, of your Christian- ity if we say that God punishes those whom he hates? No! Your good Chris- tians believe that God's punishment is a sign of his love, and when a be. lieving Christian is afflicted by mis- fortune he does not say God has pun- ished me, but God has visited me. At hundreds of such moments, con- stantly alert, it was Mase who had his ready answer to every indictment framed against the Jewish people. Always his brilliant brain framed without hesitation the one argument and tense, his voice ringing out like that could refute the charges brought forward by these anti-Semites, with their long-standing training in for- mulating accusations against the Jews. A Non-Jew's Tribute. Quietly, but with tremendous pas- sion, the Moscow Rabbi Mase begins his speech. He is not of tall stature, so he stands upon a chair that ha should be seen. And higher and high- er rises his voice as he speaks of the religious feelings and beliefs of his people, of their sacred laws, their cue. toms and manners. Here, in the chamber of the Kiev court of law, and from here all over Russia and all over Russia and all over the world, re- sounds his voice. Like a molten lava flows from his glowing heart the last confessional of a people everywhere persecuted, everywhere degraded physically, but everywhere retaining despite its sufferings and its mister. tunes the whole tremendous power and strength of its spiritual heritage. "With his first words, passionate that of a prophet denouncing blasph- emy against God, a change of feeling comes over the Chamber, and the heart is strangely moved. There, be- hind the stools of the judges, they are making an effort to laugh at him. They try to twist their lips Into a sar- castic smile. But no! I know that your hearts, too, will stop beating for a moment, and your souls will trem- ble as you liaten to this fearless man, who stands here prepared to offer up his life for his people, for their cul- ture, for their faith. "But what Is this? I will not say that I hear it. Nol I feel it. I feel that they are sobbing. There is almost imperceptible trembling of their lips, their heads are bowed in their hands, tears are flowing from the daughters of the martyred race. And why should they not weep? Here there is the great judgment before God and men, here their race stands before the high tribunal, here is the Holy of Hol- ies itself. "And there, in the center of the Chamber, rises the powerful voice of the great scholar Mase. Sentence af- ter sentence, phrase after phrase, he dissects the forged texts which men in their boundless malice have dug up to bring in evidence against his peo- ple. It is wonderful, his knowledge of the Bible, the Talmud, the Caballa, and of all Jewish literature. He ex- plains 'it clearly, unmistakably, logi- cally, everything that is of interest to the judges, to both contending parties, to the whole world In this strange trial. And all, everybody without ex- ception, I am certain of that, feel in the depths of their hearts that some- thing has become easier." Not by a Jew was this written. It was written at the time of the Beilis trial while the fate of Beilis was still unknown, while the world of Jewry was stirred to its depths by every word spoken at the trial, when every- thing still hung in the balance. It was written by the famous Russian novelist, the great friend and disciple of Leo Tolstoi—it was written by Bontch—Bruewitch. Whenever and wherever the honor of the Jewish people was at stake, Mase stood out without fear, without thought of himself, stood before the whole people, before the whole world and spoke, and defended, and accus- ed. Russian Jews will remember the speech of welcome which Mese deliv- ered at the Coronation of the last Czar of Russia, Nicholas II. At that time, under such circumstances, there were few men who would venture on such words. Mese was not afraid. And Mane never held back because a matter might seem trivial. Every- thing was important to him. His house was alwaya open to those who wished to enter, to all who had a bit- ter heart to pour out, to all who need- ed his aid, the assistance of his purse or of his advise, or consolation or a word of hope. Everything was im- portant to him, everybody was wel- come, to him. if there is one fault that Mase has had, it is this: That he takes everything to heart, whether it is a matter affecting social life, or whether it is somebody's private sor- rows, the afflictions of a whole com- munity, or the troubles of an individ- ual. He could not sleep at nights be- cause of them. Ile feels deeply and suffers much, and that is why Mase, not an old man in years, sixty-three is his age, is old and broken in body and spirit. Today, when many of those around him of his own age, many of those who came to celebrate his jubilee, are physically strong and upright, Mane is an aged man, grey and bowed like a man of SO. Feeble and ill, burdened with a great weight, for months he has been too weak to leave his home. The whole world, ev- erything, rests on his shoulders. lie feels the sufferings of all Jews. And the only return he has received, the only virtue left to him for all this lifelong devoted labor of his, is the love, the affection of everyone who knows him or has heard of him. It was in the air, it was everywhere around at the celebration given here in his honor, the remarkable manifes- tation of regard, the welcome by the best and most representative men in the city of Moscow on the completion of 30 years of his public activity. It was not an official gathering, they were not official, formal cold-blooded speeches, behind which lurked indif- ference and a desire to get done with this routine part of official life. It was real, warm-blooded affection and love, every word that was said rang true, everyone who was there was a friend and admirer, to everyone of them Mane isi friend, &Par and belov- ed, not as a rabbi, but as a worker on behalf of his people, as a man.