PAGE NINE

ilfrpfXritordEwisn(!1 ROA ICLE

Jewish DoctOresses in the
Middle Ages

By Dr. Harry Friedenwald.

Those who have been interested in
the modern movements to enlarge
the scope of female activity, and in
particular to facilitate the opportuni-
ties of women to enter upon the
study and practice of medicine, may
be willing to give attention to the

following notes:
Even in ancient times Jewish
,en may have been engaged in
practice. Many of the pupa-
te medical recipes of the Talmud
mother of
are ascribed to the foster
Rabbi Abaye, whose name has not
been preserved. At the time of Jo-
sephus we are told about one Jo-
seph the son of a female physi-
cian •
The ladies of Salerno (as Wall-
ington "courteously" translates Mu-
here Saleritanae) stand out conspic-
uously in the history of medieval
medicine. But they do not stand
isolated. There were women physi-
cians elsewhere, and prominent
among them were certain Jewesses.
In Sicily, Virdmura, the wife of
Pasquale, the physician fo Catane,
was examined in 1376 by the physi-
cians of the Royal Court and ob-
tained permission to practice medi-
cine throughout the kingdom in con-
sideration of the praise universally
given her. She stated that she desired
to devote herself to the treatment of
the poor, who were unable to pay
the large fees of other physicians.
One of the most interesting notes
on Jewish doctoresses is found in the
early records of Marseilles. In 1326
an agrement was entered into be-
tween Sara de Saint Gilles, widow
of — and Salvet de Bourg-
neuf, the son of Davin Sara agreed
to teach Salvet "artem medicine et
phisice" for the period of seven
months; and she further agreed to
board, lodge and clothe Salvet, and
in return the pupil was to relinquish
all fees which he might receive, and
turn them over to his instructoress.
But it was in the German states
that Jewesses were often found in
the practice of medicine, and espe-
cially as oculists.
R. Judah b. Asher, who was born
in Germany in 1270 and died in To-
ledo in 1349, tells us in his testa-
ment "and it happened when I was
three months old I suffered with my
eyes and did not get better • • ".
When I was three years old a woman
endeavored to cure me, but she in-
creased my blindness so that I was
confined to the house for one year
because I could not see my way,
until a Jewess came, skilled in heal-
ing of the eyes, and she treated me
for two months, when she died. had
she lived another month I might have
rag fined my eyesight fully. But for
the two months she treated me, I
mig t never have seen any more.
Blessed be God, who showed one won-

ders with Ills mercy and opened my
eyes to see the works of Ilis hands.
Did the former belong to those 'fe-
male oculists' who operated more
quickly than one can describe the
operations—many patients, however,
became blind."
Archbishop John II, of Wurzburg,
in 1419, granted a license to a Jew-
ish "Ertztin," Sarah of Wurzburg, to

mention the complaints of a Doctor
Roslin, who protested, in 1611,
against granting licenses to "dis-
graceful Jews and Jewesses."
Toward the end of the fifteenth
century, Bernardinus of Siena was
engaged in his violent denunciation
of the Jews. One of the tragic re-
sults was the martyrdom of the Jews
of Trent, and this has kept from
oblivion the name of a Jewish phy-
sician, Brunette, a most clever
woman of whom the fanatical Ber-
nardinus complains that (through
her professional ministrations) she
entered the homes and intruded into
the councils of the Christians (about

1475). At the trial of the Jews
for their alleged murder of the child,
Simon of Trent, Brunette was
charged with having furnished the
needles used to draw the blood.
' The anonymous "Book of Morals,"
printed in 1642, in Judueo (German)
was dedicated to all women and
maidens but especially to the "hon-
orable and modest Morada, the wom-
an practicing the liberal art of medi-
cine in Gunspurz."
Unlike some of the "Ladies of
Salerno," their Jewish sisters did not
leave us any writings, and indeed we
know little about them except their
popularity.--Medical Pickwick.

THREATEN BUDAPEST JEWS 1

V011refellet, •W1 presided, over by Mr.

Jarachinaki of Lode while the J. D

FIVE JEWS IN POLISH
COURT OF APPEALS

VI EN N.1--1'he .14w, of Budapest
are again in danger of attack by anti- C. was officially represented through
%V.ARSAW—Due to the efforts of
Semitic forces, according to a Buda Mr. Kowalsky. After considerable Counsellor Kirschbrauts, five Jews

pest dispatch. Unless, the dispatch Notions debating the conference
says, the government affords them
adopted a resolution which declares
protection they Illay Le Mil/jelled to
ill-treatment within the next few that the past poilanthropic activities
of Die J. 0. C. do not meet the pres-
days.
ent requirements of the war-stricken
Warsaw Representatives of
the “onnitinities III Poland. The resolu-
Iarious committees of the Joint Dis- tion emphasizes that In the opinion of
tribution Committee met here in con- the conference only constructive re.
ference and dIscitsaed the problems 11.-f will meet the needs of the Area
affecting present relief work. The rot situation In Poland.

bias,- hero appointed as special jus-

tices in the Court of Appeals.

directions of the I. C.
Paris
A. (Jewish Colonization Association).
met here and after careful considera-
tion of the reports submitted, deckled
In Increase Its activities to a consId•
erable extent. German delegates at-
tended the 1. C. A. meeting for the
first time since 1914.

The

practice medicine throughout the
bishopric. She paid an annual tax
of ten orins. The license was as fol-

lows:
"Concerning the Jewess, the doe-
Wrens franchised for (the past)
three years; 1419. We, John, etc.,
make known, etc., as heretofore
agreed upon, that Sarah the Jewess,
the doctoress, is to pay annually for
the golden pence, two florins, and in
addition also ten orins for taxes and
as a voluntary contribution. Thus we
shall let it stand for the time as
thus agreed upon for the next three
full years so that she may practice
her profession without interference
on our teat or of those belonging
to us, unconditionally, and should
anyone intend to prosecute her or
actually Is so, against such one we
shall take action to the best of our
ability, so that he be stopped, uncon-
ditionally. Dated the spring of

1419,"

Sarah must have enjoyed great in-
fluence and her practice must have
been very lucrative, for there is a
record of an act of the princely court
installing her int oall the estates of
Friedrich von Riedern; this docu-
ment was signed by the entire Fran-
konian nobility to secure her in her
new possessions and reads us fol-
lows:
"Letter patent to Sarah, Jewess of
Wurzburg, in all the lands of which
Friedrich von Riedern, dwelling at
',Roden, is in possession in the Bish-
opric and Duchy of Franconia.
"We, Reinhardt von Masspach,
Bishop at Wurtburg and Judge of
the Duchy in Franconia, make
known to all people with this letter
that Sarah the Jewess, the doctress
of Wurzburg, has gained through
legal procedure and after proper
charges and verdict the usufruct of
his body and his possession, and upon
all that is his in the Duchy of Fran-
conia, whatever it may be called and
wherever it may be situated or
named. We declare the said Sarah
the Jewess in usufruct of all the
above named possessions with the
force and power of this letter, etc."
In the archives of Frankfort-on-
the Main there is recorded the pay-
ment of one florin to Barbara, the
daughter of the deceased physician,
for medical attention to the soldiers
who had fallen at Wissenkirchen in
1394.
The Jewish women physicians
were no less the objects of opposi-
tion and vituperation than their
brothers; as an instance we may

YOUR Street Car System

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Without Risk or Expense

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By FRANK W. BROOKS

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(President the Detroit United Railway)

On the very second you put the
Service-at-Cost Ordinance into
effect, the entire city system of
Detroit United Railway lines and
equipment becomes, in effect YOUR
STREET CAR COMPANY.

Ma.
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Through your duly . chosen City
Councilmen YOU define the service
it must give, the fares it must charge,
the new lines it must build, its ex-
penditures, the pay of its employees
and officials---EVERYTHING.

•• ■ •

You can buy the system at any
time you choose, or you can lease it.
You will own it outright automati-
cally, when the Ordinance expires.

Service•at•Cost Is the Only Way

eep user to
your

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Although perhaps you cannat visit them fre-
quently, you still have an intimate and con-
venient means of communication.

Long Distance Telephone Service brings them
as near to you as your telephone.

Connections with state towns are a matter of
minutes; then you are all ready for a good
heart to heart visit.

Speak in a low ordinary tone; conversation
can be heard distinctly.

There is no need for neglecting acquaintances
in other towns these days.

Keep close to your friends. Show them that
you care.

tileRe

things.

SyStelll is subservient
II um k es y1/111' Sheet
as your Light ing t'omme,,ioo, your

Water

II

Distance is no excuse for neglecting them.

Ordinance makes

to your will

Are you letting those you care Mr drift away
from you?

That girl or boy at college. That chum in a
nearby town. That relative.

Sere ire -Cost

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hakes

Yet, if you %%ant to assume (111. risks you ens
do it Al' ANY TrAll, „ and at a price, the basis
for tyhirh has already been ;welded by your
Pity

• • •

your eontrol o f the SySt1 . 111 AltS0-

1.1 "1. E.

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gives you every lolvatitage of
fhtuership with tour of the risks.

be obeyed. 'f he
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Ordinance aholi,I.c. e‘eti our right to appeal

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N I) don 't forget that the )4erviee-at r..-e

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to the courts.

One Fur,

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get no pay.

or we

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way in

hielt y4)111.1111 also immediately secure -

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91•11114e1N betu1e1•11 ell 1111,5

I 'ontintions rid.

beeration by ex perionc. ol men

DEmEmit•R I'mt unless you decide oth•r-

s.,., ,. I ),,,,1

ise at some future eleetion. stir will

carry. under the terms of this I Irolinance. all

■

The Service•al.Cost Ordinatiee l ill operate,
theit , for, without lax levy or city bond issue.

Parlor of tremendous importanee.

'Phis is it
for it w ill help you not only to loner taxes. but
also to the lower tents and lower living costs
Lich lire the sure results of low er taxes.

• •

1.4 no cit y in the world ‘vhielt Imlay
,•.003, 1111 :le'rei quent for street railway

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ilivit.. cool drrprsl illeeStigati1111
this s ■ Tvi,•.•-nt-oiNt Inn Film ears

the financial burden.

Nye kno%v that .volir enthusiasm till'

Will increase with

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pour lull realization of its

d yenta Res.

111.11e is

your street 1111.

poir own direction but
with no risk or expense.

' Enke

it over 111111 1 f

Settle the long turmoil, April 4, by voting
for SerViCe-111-I 'out.

•y eit

service as broad. as liberal. as flexible and as
advantageous as the Service OA 'ost led ina nee
)ilcered for your nee eptance April 4.

Make the ring of the Long Distance Telephone
your " calling card."

MICHIGAN STATE

A

(

"Oar Ambition

-

Ted kPHONE CO.

)

Idea! Tei∎ phora "ice for Mich,gan•

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