THE DETROIT EWISH CHRONICLE

A HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN SPAIN

(Concluded)

c.

must be granted that he inherited
country was a benefactor and right
much from a long line of Spanish an-
arm to his sorely oppressed people,
ce6tors, so well versed in the Bible,
dying under the tortures of the rack.
the Talmud and the sciences and
Then the whispers of the clergy
mathematics.
died
out; now they demanded aloud
But by the middle of the thirteenth
century we find the Christian armies in righteous indignation of the new
of the united Kingdoms of Leon and kings that the Jew be kept from hold-
Castile, due to the timely assistance ing public office, from wearing costly
of the Crusaders, in power over the garments, from riding richly trimmed
empire of the Ahnohades. While the nodes. They reminded the king that
Jews of other lands were bending a Jew ought to wear the hated badge
their heads beneath the blow of and give up Christian names. The
Christianity and offering their gold only things that the Jew was still
to ward off undeserving punishments, permitted t octlo N S to hold y ous
xercise cr ;pal
Alfonso the tenth was honoring a distiutations aga,1
Jew, Judah ben Moses Kohen, by jurisdeno
13ut "it a country where for hun-
asking hint to translate astronimical
writings from the Arabic into Span- dreds of years the kings had depend-
ish. But perhaps it was not so much ed on Jewish financiers, physicians,
an honor as a necessity since the astronomers and merchants, it was
Jews were the only ones equally well one thing to receive the demands of
versed in both Arabic and the lan- the church and quite another to fol-
guage of the court. And the astrono- low them out. It was almost impos-
mical record, bearing the name of sible to find a substitute for These
"The Alfonsine Table" was the work clever and learned Jews. The name
of another Jew, Isaac ibn Sid, at that of Samuel Abravanel, founder of an
time reader of prayers in the Temple illustrious family, appears as that of
of Toledo. Samuel Halevi, a learned councillor to the king, on almost the
Jeue, invented and made a water- same page as the edict prohibiting
clock by which the king no doubt the employment of Jews as financial
timed his comings and goings. agents or tax farmers.

no populace against them. In
the months and years following his
preachings and writings many a
bloody massacre was directed against
them. Laws were passed compelling
them to remain indoors at night, their
baptized children were taken away
from them to tie raised under the
pious and watchful eye of the church.
But when Isabella and Ferdinand
ascended the throne, Isabella, true to
a girlhood promise to lend her queen-
ly service to aid the church, used her
influence to in every way trap and
circumvent these Marranos ; a sect
hated far more than openly worship-
ing Jews. Finally in September, 1842,
the tribunal of the holy inquisition
was established. If was "the Most
diabolical, the most thorough and
most prolonged instrument of tor-
ture Inman mind could devise; and
the man who stands out as the most
capable director of this infernal ma-
chine, the Inquisitor General of both
Castile and Aragon, is Thomas de
Torquemada, a devil in a man's body.

PAGE THIRTEEN

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• (Note—This is the first of a series
of vital papers read by different mem-
bers before the St. Louis section of
the Council of Jewish Women.)

Garfield 1992
Garfield 1996

STRA ND

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voted, in order to raise large sums had Jews as court physicians. Diego hack to death. Into Spain had jour-
of funds, seizing the property of the Gongales, a new Christian, was treas• neyed a people with commandment
Jews and banishing them from Spain. urer of Aragon, while Diego Arias of Moses, a deep love for learning
and all ready centuries old laws for
But, luckily for the Jews, as the Davila was "Contactor Mayor" of
the governing
goveing of their daily lives, and
Christian armies moved on victorious Castile.
out of Spain went forth ti the most
For a brief period the position of
Spain, that rare privilege
scientists, phy.
was left for the fifteenth century. the Jew improved. Some of the more enlightened Jews, scien
•I
The
king repaid his loyal Jewish sub- stringent laws were removed, such as sicians, poets and Talmudists. Legion
are the names of the great scholars
jects by removing permanently this allowing Jews to engage in comelier-
and writers, mathematicians and as-
enemy, Martinez, who was burned cial pursuits and practice medicine.
alive at the stake.
But the wave of persecution and prej- tronomers and learned rabbis pro-
Al- duced n the many centuries of the
In the fourteenth century, in the ',dice had not been diverted.
Jews' sojourn there. Iler skillful
Years that reigned Perdo, the Cruel, though the Marranos felt safe be-
physicians waited on both Caliph and
and his brother, Henry the Second, neath the cloak of Christianity it was
Ave find the Jew Don Samuel hen not long before their enemies saw in Christian kings; her beautiful women
were wooed by noblemen of a Moor-
Melt. Allavi, or Samuel Levi, holding these converted Jews, who still se-
ish court and grandees of old Chris-
ttle post of Court Treasurer, another cretly practiced Judaism, a new
tian Spain. Her people were Span-
Jew, Abraham ibn Zarzal, as his phy- enemy. Then a champion of the out-
iards, they adopted the customs of
sician and astrologer, and at the end raged Catholic church came forth in
the land, the language they made
of the years, marked by civil strife, the person of a Franciscan friar, Al-
their own; they fought for her kings,
housands of Jews, 12,000 in Toledo foils° de Spina. Ile urged the wiping
=
but for all these many centuries, the E9
alone murdered, and Samuel Levi, out of this new sect of hypocrites; he
Spanish Jews remained, under un-
he man who had once ranked as a revived every tale calculated to
speakable persecution, even as Moor-
prince, the Jew who in his age and arouse the hatred and passion of the
ish or Marranos, ever and always
pious and devoted Jews. And in
their going they drew out the best
from her intellectual life; they
stripped Spain of philosophers, scien-
tists and financiers; left to the bigot-
ed monarchs a country, that, in the
years to come, as a sort of Nemesis
perchance for her maltreatment of
the Jews, became but a shell of her
former greatness. And the countries
who received the fugitive Jews arose
in power, in wealth, the culture of -0 .
the many centuries the Spanish Jews
scattered over the many lands in
which they planted their new homes; ,
truly it may be said of Spain, once
a world power,

SERVICE

bog
Log Cahill
Looktana
NI•ntiesula
Nevada

The Inquisition.

Then for years did this Inquisition
set its trap; not only did they seize
living men and women, give them a
farce of a trial and condemn them to
the flames as guilty of heresy, but
the names of men and women long
since dead were called before the
Inquisition and with the black walls
and the dimly lighted torture cham-
The Spanish "Pogroms."
Papal Bull Against the Jews.
ber as sole witnesses their souls were
But the pressure from Rome and But the fire had been started; the
from bigoted France to the north was members needed only a little encour- found guilty of a relapse to Judaism;
and into the yawning bowl of the
increasing. In April, 1250, Pope In- agement to become a conflagration.
church treasury fell their property;
nocent the fourth had issued a Bull, In 1391, as a result of inflammatory
snatched from the hands of the right-
prohibiting among numerous other speeches and sermons delivered in
ful heirs. Every man or woman
things, the building by Jews of new Seville by Archdeacon Ferrand Mar-
caught in the treacherous web was
synagogues without special perntis- tinez, the queen's confessor, and un-
the bait for further prey. By means
sion, the association with Christians, der his able direction, massacres
of unspeakable torture they were
employment of Christian nurses or broke out in Seville, where 4,000 Jews
servants; Je ws were not allowed to were killed; in Cordova, once the compelled to give the names of at
least three friends or relatives who
sell any remedies for Christian mala- most tolerant city in all Spain; in
were guilty of transgressing the laws
dies. It became compulsory to wear Toledo; in Valencia; in Barcelona,
of the almighty church. It was a
the badge of a Jew, and if found with- where thousands of Jews fell victims
never-ending stream that fed the fires
out one, to be either beaten not less to the angry mobs. Then from out
and a never-ending pile of gold accu-
than ten times or pay a heavy fine. of the smouldering ruins arose Vicent
mulating for the church.
But in spite of papal hulls the riches Ferrer, a pious monk, with a Torah
But this persecution of the Mar-
of the Jews grew; they displayed in one hand, a crucifix in the other,
ranos did not occupy all the time of
costly jewels, in their gilded palaces and welcomed with forced conver-
the zealous rulers; they still sought
slick black slaves waited their bid- sions such Jews as had escaped death.
the rich and beautiful cities of Moor-
ding, their (lark eyed women often This massacre of 1391 was the imme-
ish Spain, and at last, in 1492, swept
cast amorous glances on their nobles diate forerunner of the Inquisitions.
their victorious armies into wondrous
and their troubadours on soft stringed Further laws were enacted to force
Grandada, the country of golden
instruments sang of love. New taxes the Jews to embrace Christianity;
topped mosques and marble palaces,
were devised for th e J ens It became laws too numerous to enumerate, of
latticed windows and white tiled
the custom for the walthy ones to such as being ordered, on pain of !courtyards, into Granada where for
provide a visiting m aj es t y a n d his death, to alwayt live in enclosed !centuries had lived the tolerant
retinue with suitable comforts. Juderias; being prohibited from prac- I Moors, the home of poets, physicians
Then the greedy eyes of the grow- tieing medicine, surgery or chemistry and astronamers. The walls of the
mg church turned enviously toward and from dealing in bread, wine, flour
cities were broken and over the
the prosperous Jews. Why have with- or meat. Strict prohibition of any
world-famed palace of the Alhambra
in a Christian Kingdom a people rich association with Christians, the em-
floated no longer the Crescent, but
in intellect, they asked. Let these ployment of Christian servants, grave
the Cross.
in worldly possessions and even diggers. Lamplighter Jews and Jew-
Exiled.
richer Hebrews become Christians, eses were required to wear plain long
chant the Ave Marias and confess mantles of coarse materials reaching
Isabella and Ferdinand had at last
their sins to pious Catholic fathers; to their feet, and they were strictly rid their beloved Spain of the infidel
and while they no reasoned, they f orbidd en t o h ave these garments Moor, but in spite of all their efforts
already heard the clink . of gold from made of better material. They were
thousands of unbelieving Jews still
the baptized Jews enriching the cof- forbidden on pain of loss of property remained. The master stroke of their
firs of the papacy. and of slavery to leave the country, reign was the banishment of all Jews
Then appeard Pablo Christiani, a and if a kind-hearted Spanish noble from Spain in the very year Granada
baptized Jew, under the patronage of Protected or sheltered a fugitive Jew fell, the very year that a Spaniard,
the Dominicans and sought to con- he was punished by a heavy fine. And Christopher Columbus, his expedition
i
equipped by means of Jewish gold,
vert Jews on a wholesale scale. But not only were laws written down in
there. were no conversions by the statute books, but they were en- set out to discover a new world. The
hundreds or thousands, as had been forced. And such hard and cruel wealthy Jews attempted to ward off
hoped. Closer and closer the rabbis laws had the desired effect. Hun- the undeserving blow by the payment
drew, and instead of pursuing philos- (Reds of thousands of Jews kissed the of a lunge amount of money, but on
ophy and the sciences as they had cross and became neo-Christians, as !the ninth of Ab, 1492, the dreaded
previously, they now devoted all their they were called. edict went forth; it mattered not the
Now followed a period wherein not position or wealth of a Jew; rich and
time to the study of the Talmud. In
the bygone glories of Zion, the high- only the despised Jews suffered, but poor, ladies of culture and refine-
ways and byways of tradition, in the all Spain. Commerce and industry ment, the sick, the old, infants and
myriad legends, they tried to forget were at a standstill. Many Jews, old men were driven out of Spain,
the scheming church, the greedy hounded on all sides, had emigrated whither they might go, it mattered
into Portugal, whose ruler welcomed not, into the sea, or perchance into
nobles and the impending storm.
During the thirteenth century the them. Then arose the neo-Christians, some more tolerant country; they
Islam Kingdom of Granada in the like shadows in the footsteps of the might sell their property, but the
extreme south of Spain and the King- pious Jews. They became state offi- gold obtained therewith might not be
dom of Castile under the Christian cials, they married into the nobility; taken out of the country; Christians
Alfonso the tenth had been at peace, as Jews they were spurned, spat at were forbidden to lend a helping
but at the beginning of the fourteenth and prosecuted; as Christians they hand to the fugitives, rather they
century the Christians began to press arose again to posts of royal tress - were urged to pillage them. To
on and on, near and nearer to the orer• prime minister; their wealth, neighboring Portugal, where for a
turretted cities of Granada. The fate their learning and their inborn culture brief five years they were allowed to
of Allah hung in the balance, could it entitled them to the highest honors. live, into Northern Africa, into Italy,
withstand the continual onslaughts Spanish had become a word language, Holland, Poland, into the far king-
of Christian armies under 'the banner throneh Jewish assistance, Jews. in dom of the Turks the Jews went.
of the Cross? A devoted Catholic, Christian dress and bearing Christian The mighty arm of the Inquisition
names, became court officials. Both tried to reach out over the seas and
Gonzalo Martinez, commander-in• across the mountains and drag them
chief of the armies of Alfonso, fa- John II and Henry IV of Navarre

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